[1]

Czuba L. 2014. Application of plastics in medical devices and equipment. In Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices, eds. Modjarrad K, Ebnesajjad S. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 9−19 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-22805-3.00002-5
[2]

da Silva TR, de Azevedo ARG, Cecchin D, Marvila MT, Amran M, et al. 2021. Application of plastic wastes in construction materials: a review using the concept of Life-Cycle Assessment in the context of recent research for future perspectives. Materials 14:3549

doi: 10.3390/ma14133549
[3]

Mangaraj S, Goswami TK, Mahajan PV. 2009. Applications of plastic films for modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables: a review. Food Engineering Reviews 1:133−158

doi: 10.1007/s12393-009-9007-3
[4]

Plastics the Fast Facts 2025. https://plasticseurope.org/resources/market-data (Accessed Feb 27, 2026)
[5]

Maddah HA. 2016. Polypropylene as a promising plastic: a review. American Journal of Polymer Science 6:1−11

doi: 10.5923/j.ajps.20160601.01
[6]

Paxton NC, Allenby MC, Lewis PM, Woodruff MA. 2019. Biomedical applications of polyethylene. European Polymer Journal 118:412−428

doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.037
[7]

Hossain MT, Shahid MA, Mahmud N, Habib A, Rana MM, et al. 2024. Research and application of polypropylene: a review. Discover Nano 19:2

doi: 10.1186/s11671-023-03952-z
[8]

Houssini K, Li J, Tan Q. 2025. Complexities of the global plastics supply chain revealed in a trade-linked material flow analysis. Communications Earth & Environment 6:257

doi: 10.1038/s43247-025-02169-5
[9]

Demetrious A, Crossin E. 2019. Life cycle assessment of paper and plastic packaging waste in landfill, incineration, and gasification-pyrolysis. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 21:850−860

doi: 10.1007/s10163-019-00842-4
[10]

Yu F, Wu Z, Wang J, Li Y, Chu R, et al. 2022. Effect of landfill age on the physical and chemical characteristics of waste plastics/microplastics in a waste landfill sites. Environmental Pollution 306:119366

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119366
[11]

Anuar Sharuddin SD, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, Aroua MK. 2016. A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy Conversion and Management 115:308−326

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.037
[12]

Sekar M, Ponnusamy VK, Pugazhendhi A, Nižetić S, Praveenkumar TR. 2022. Production and utilization of pyrolysis oil from solidplastic wastes: a review on pyrolysis process and influence of reactors design. Journal of Environmental Management 302:114046

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114046
[13]

Mishra R, Kumar A, Singh E, Kumar S. 2023. Recent research advancements in catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 11:2033−2049

doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05759
[14]

FakhrHoseini SM, Dastanian M. 2013. Predicting pyrolysis products of PE, PP, and PET using NRTL activity coefficient model. Journal of Chemistry 2013:487676

doi: 10.1155/2013/487676
[15]

Cheng Y, Ekici E, Yildiz G, Yang Y, Coward B, et al. 2023. Applied machine learning for prediction of waste plastic pyrolysis towards valuable fuel and chemicals production. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 169:105857

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2023.105857
[16]

Das P, Tiwari P. 2018. The effect of slow pyrolysis on the conversion of packaging waste plastics (PE and PP) into fuel. Waste Management 79:615−624

doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.021
[17]

Mishra N, Das G, Ansaldo A, Genovese A, Malerba M, et al. 2012. Pyrolysis of waste polypropylene for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 94:91−98

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.11.012
[18]

Wu X, Wu Y, Wu K, Chen Y, Hu H, et al. 2015. Study on pyrolytic kinetics and behavior: The co-pyrolysis of microalgae and polypropylene. Bioresource Technology 192:522−528

doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.029
[19]

Schubert T, Lechleitner A, Lehner M, Hofer W. 2020. 4-Lump kinetic model of the co-pyrolysis of LDPE and a heavy petroleum fraction. Fuel 262:116597

doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116597
[20]

Schubert T, Lehner M, Karner T, Hofer W, Lechleitner A. 2019. Influence of reaction pressure on co-pyrolysis of LDPE and a heavy petroleum fraction. Fuel Processing Technology 193:204−211

doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.05.016
[21]

van Duin ACT, Dasgupta S, Lorant F, Goddard WA. 2001. ReaxFF: a reactive force field for hydrocarbons. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105:9396−9409

doi: 10.1021/jp004368u
[22]

Zhang M, Xue Y, Zheng M, Xiong J. 2025. Co-pyrolysis of lignin and polyethylene with reactive molecular dynamics: Understanding tar generation and char structure transformation. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 186:106907

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2024.106907
[23]

Zeng J, Cao L, Chin CH, Ren H, Zhang JZH, et al. 2020. ReacNetGenerator: an automatic reaction network generator for reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22:683−691

doi: 10.1039/C9CP05091D
[24]

Wu Y, Sun H, Wu L, Deetz JD. 2019. Extracting the mechanisms and kinetic models of complex reactions from atomistic simulation data. Journal of Computational Chemistry 40:1586−1592

doi: 10.1002/jcc.25809
[25]

Liu J, Li X, Guo L, Zheng M, Han J, et al. 2014. Reaction analysis and visualization of ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 53:13−22

doi: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.07.002
[26]

Cole DJ, Hine NDM. 2016. Applications of large-scale density functional theory in biology. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 28:393001

doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/39/393001
[27]

Li W, Zheng M, Li J, Ren C, Li X. 2025. Revealing global reaction mechanisms of polypropylene pyrolysis by reactive molecular dynamic simulation and reaction class prediction. Polymer Degradation and Stability 239:111419

doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111419
[28]

Zettervall N, Fureby C, Nilsson EJK. 2021. Evaluation of chemical kinetic mechanisms for methane combustion: a review from a CFD perspective. Fuels 2:210−240

doi: 10.3390/fuels2020013
[29]

Chen JY. 1988. A general procedure for constructing reduced reaction mechanisms with given independent relations. Combustion Science and Technology 57:89−94

doi: 10.1080/00102208808923945
[30]

Ju Y, Niioka T. 1994. Reduced kinetic mechanism of ignition for nonpremixed hydrogen/air in a supersonic mixing layer. Combustion and Flame 99:240−246

doi: 10.1016/0010-2180(94)90127-9
[31]

Lu T, Law CK. 2005. A directed relation graph method for mechanism reduction. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30:1333−1341

doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.145
[32]

Pepiotdesjardins P, Pitsch H. 2008. An efficient error-propagation-based reduction method for large chemical kinetic mechanisms. Combustion and Flame 154:67−81

doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.10.020
[33]

Shen J, Dai J, Lin H, Li S, Gao S, et al. 2024. Multiscale Modeling of Plastic Pyrolysis with a Neural Network-Inspired Pyrolysis Kinetic Model and Coarse-Grained DEM-CFD. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 63:12688−12703

doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c01882
[34]

Yang S, Li X, Zheng M, Ren C, Guo L. 2024. Generating a skeleton reaction network for reactions of large-scale ReaxFF MD pyrolysis simulations based on a machine learning predicted reaction class. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 26:5649−5668

doi: 10.1039/D3CP05935A
[35]

Yang S, Li X, Zheng M, Ren C, Guo L. 2024. Creating a reaction data set labeled with reaction class for automated reaction classification for ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations of realistic fuel pyrolysis. Energy & Fuels 38:4594−4612

doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c05019
[36]

Li S, Zhang C, Jing Z, Li Y, Yin P, et al. 2021. Development of a reduced chemical reaction mechanism for n-Pentanol based on combined reduction methods and Genetic Algorithm. ACS Omega 6:6448−6459

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00147
[37]

xiang YY. 1999. A review of trust region algorithms for optimization. In The International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, eds. Ball M, Hunt JCR. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 271–282 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198505143.003.0023
[38]

Zheng M, Li X, Liu J, Wang Z, Gong X, et al. 2013. Pyrolysis of liulin coal simulated by GPU-based ReaxFF MD with cheminformatics analysis. Energy & Fuels 28:522−534

doi: 10.1021/ef402140n
[39]

Chenoweth K, Duin ACTv, Goddard WA. 2008. ReaxFF reactive force field for molecular dynamics simulations of hydrocarbon oxidation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 112:1040−1053

doi: 10.1021/jp709896w
[40]

Andersen PC, Bruno TJ. 2005. Thermal decomposition kinetics of RP-1 rocket propellant. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44:1670−1676

doi: 10.1021/ie048958g
[41]

Liu J, Hu E, Zeng W, Zheng W. 2020. A new surrogate fuel for emulating the physical and chemical properties of RP-3 kerosene. Fuel 259:116210

doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116210
[42]

Pluemprasit P, Porpruksa A, Pusansaard W, Wongthai K, Tongpadungrod P, et al. 2023. Modeling of pyrolysis reactions of polypropylene using a six-lump model and simulation of pyrolysis process using Aspen. Waste and Biomass Valorization 15:2439−2450

doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2522640/v1
[43]

Sohrabi M, Fathollahi-Fard AM, Gromov VA. 2024. Genetic Engineering Algorithm (GEA): an efficient metaheuristic algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Automation and Remote Control 85:252−262

doi: 10.1134/S000511792403007X
[44]

Kröger LC, Kopp WA, Döntgen M, Leonhard K. 2017. Assessing statistical uncertainties of rare events in reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 13:3955−3960

doi: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00524
[45]

Das P, Tiwari P. 2018. Valorization of packaging plastic waste by slow pyrolysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 128:69−77

doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.025