[1]

Huot B, Yao J, Montgomery BL, He SY. 2014. Growth–defense tradeoffs in plants: a balancing act to optimize fitness. Molecular Plant 7(8):1267−1287

doi: 10.1093/mp/ssu049
[2]

Lozano-Durán R, Zipfel C. 2015. Trade-off between growth and immunity: role of brassinosteroids. Trends in Plant Science 20(1):12−19

doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.003
[3]

Figueroa-Macías JP, García YC, Núñez M, Díaz K, Olea AF, et al. 2021. Plant growth–defense trade-offs: molecular processes leading to physiological changes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(2):693

doi: 10.3390/ijms22020693
[4]

Schwachtje J, Baldwin IT. 2008. Why does herbivore attack reconfigure primary metabolism? Plant Physiology 146(3):845−851

doi: 10.1104/pp.107.112490
[5]

Lozano-Durán R, Macho AP, Boutrot F, Segonzac C, Somssich IE, et al. 2013. The transcriptional regulator BZR1 mediates trade-off between plant innate immunity and growth. eLife 2:e00983

doi: 10.7554/eLife.00983
[6]

Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. 2022. Thirty years of resistance: zig–zag through the plant immune system. The Plant Cell 34(5):1447−1478

doi: 10.1093/plcell/koac041
[7]

Wasternack C, Hause B. 2013. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. Annals of Botany 111(6):1021−1058

doi: 10.1093/aob/mct067
[8]

Zhu JK. 2016. Abiotic stress signaling and responses in plants. Cell 167(2):313−324

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.029
[9]

Khablak SH, Bondareva LM, Dolia MM, Spychak VM, Lykholat TY, et al. 2025. Integrative model of plant immunity to pathogens and stresses: a multilevel signal-metabolic network. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 16(4):e25175

doi: 10.15421/0225175
[10]

Patyka MV, Khablak SH, Patyka TI, Bondareva LM, Dolia MM, et al. 2025. Evolution of immune mechanisms in monocots and dicots in response to microbial pathogens and abiotic stressors. Biosystems Diversity 33(2):e2531

doi: 10.15421/012531
[11]

Li J, Forghieri G, Geelen D, du Jardin P, Brown PH. 2026. The optimization of crop response to climatic stress through modulation of plant stress response mechanisms: opportunities for biostimulants and plant hormones to meet climate challenges. New Phytologist 249(1):130−151

doi: 10.1111/nph.70701
[12]

Bulgari R, Franzoni G, Ferrante A. 2019. Biostimulants application in horticultural crops under abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy 9(6):306

doi: 10.3390/agronomy9060306
[13]

De Vleesschauwer D, Filipe O, Hoffman G, Seifi HS, Haeck A, et al. 2018. Target of rapamycin signaling orchestrates growth–defense trade-offs in plants. New Phytologist 217(1):305−319

doi: 10.1111/nph.14785
[14]

Margalha L, Confraria A, Baena-González E. 2019. SnRK1 and TOR: modulating growth–defense trade-offs in plant stress responses. Journal of Experimental Botany 70(8):2261−2274

doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz066
[15]

Hilker M, Schmülling T. 2019. Stress priming, memory, and signalling in plants. Plant, Cell & Environment 42(3):753−761

doi: 10.1111/pce.13526
[16]

Crisp PA, Ganguly D, Eichten SR, Borevitz JO, Pogson BJ. 2016. Reconsidering plant memory: intersections between stress recovery, RNA turnover, and epigenetics. Science Advances 2(2):e1501340

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1501340
[17]

Chieb M, Gachomo EW. 2023. The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in plant drought stress responses. BMC Plant Biology 23(1):407

doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04403-8
[18]

Patyka M, Wang R, Honchar A, Patyka T, Khablak S. 2025. Modulation of the rhizosphere microbiome structure and optimization of beneficial functions in winter wheat induced by Bacillus subtilis: a metagenomic and phenotypic study. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 101(11):fiaf097

doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiaf097
[19]

Pavlović I, Petřík I, Tarkowská D, Lepeduš H, Vujčić Bok V, et al. 2018. Correlations between phytohormones and drought tolerance in selected Brassica crops: Chinese cabbage, white cabbage and kale. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19(10):2866

doi: 10.3390/ijms19102866
[20]

Eom SH, Kim E, Hyun TK. 2024. HXK, SnRK1, and TOR signaling in plants: unraveling mechanisms of stress response and secondary metabolism. Science Progress 107(4):00368504241301533

doi: 10.1177/00368504241301533
[21]

Ponnu J, Wahl V, Schmid M. 2011. Trehalose-6-phosphate: connecting plant metabolism and development. Frontiers in Plant Science 2:70

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00070
[22]

He Y, Zhou J, Shan L, Meng X. 2018. Plant cell surface receptor-mediated signaling – a common theme amid diversity. Journal of Cell Science 131(2):jcs209353

doi: 10.1242/jcs.209353
[23]

Verma V, Ravindran P, Kumar PP. 2016. Plant hormone-mediated regulation of stress responses. BMC Plant Biology 16:86

doi: 10.1186/s12870-016-0771-y
[24]

Li J, Wang R, Li C, Guo X, Li Q, et al. 2026. Posttranslational regulation of TOR kinase activity controls resource allocation between plant growth and immunity in Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant 19(3):629−650

doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.023
[25]

Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Černý M, Brzobohatý B, Novák J. 2023. Abiotic stress in crop production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(7):6603

doi: 10.3390/ijms24076603
[26]

Waadt R, Seller CA, Hsu PK, Takahashi Y, Munemasa S, et al. 2022. Plant hormone regulation of abiotic stress responses. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 23(10):680−694

doi: 10.1038/s41580-022-00479-6
[27]

Aerts N, Pereira Mendes M, Van Wees SCM. 2021. Multiple levels of crosstalk in hormone networks regulating plant defense. The Plant Journal 105(2):489−504

doi: 10.1111/tpj.15124
[28]

Chen H, Dong J, Wang T. 2021. Autophagy in plant abiotic stress management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(8):4075

doi: 10.3390/ijms22084075
[29]

Baena-González E, Lunn JE. 2020. SnRK1 and trehalose 6-phosphate – two ancient pathways converge to regulate plant metabolism and growth. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 55:52−59

doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.010
[30]

Li T, Wang Y, Natran A, Zhang Y, Wang H, et al. 2024. C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE 3 contributes to GA-mediated growth and flowering by interaction with DELLA proteins. New Phytologist 242(6):2555−2569

doi: 10.1111/nph.19742
[31]

Schwechheimer C. 2012. Gibberellin signaling in plants – the extended version. Frontiers in Plant Science 2:107

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00107
[32]

Fu L, Wang P, Xiong Y. 2020. Target of rapamycin signaling in plant stress responses. Plant Physiology 182(4):1613−1623

doi: 10.1104/pp.19.01214
[33]

Xiong Y, McCormack M, Li L, Hall Q, Xiang C, et al. 2013. Glucose–TOR signalling reprograms the transcriptome and activates meristems. Nature 496(7444):181−186

doi: 10.1038/nature12030
[34]

Shi L, Wu Y, Sheen J. 2018. TOR signaling in plants: conservation and innovation. Development 145(13):dev160887

doi: 10.1242/dev.160887
[35]

Tsai AY, Gazzarrini S. 2014. Trehalose-6-phosphate and SnRK1 kinases in plant development and signaling: the emerging picture. Frontiers in Plant Science 5:119

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00119
[36]

Mazzoni-Putman SM, Brumos J, Zhao C, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. 2021. Auxin interactions with other hormones in plant development. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 13(10):a039990

doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039990
[37]

Li S, Liu S, Zhang Q, Cui M, Zhao M, et al. 2022. The interaction of ABA and ROS in plant growth and stress resistances. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:1050132

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050132
[38]

Jia Z, Giehl RFH, von Wirén N. 2021. Local auxin biosynthesis acts downstream of brassinosteroids to trigger root foraging for nitrogen. Nature Communications 12:5437

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25250-x
[39]

Davière JM, Achard P. 2013. Gibberellin signaling in plants. Development 140(6):1147−1151

doi: 10.1242/dev.087650
[40]

Aerts N, Pereira Mendes M, Van Wees SCM. 2024. Architecture and dynamics of hormone-driven gene regulatory networks in plant immunity. PhD Thesis. Utrecht University Repository, Netherlands. doi: 10.33540/2067

[41]

Nolan TM, Vukašinović N, Liu D, Russinova E, Yin Y. 2020. Brassinosteroids: multidimensional regulators of plant growth, development, and stress responses. The Plant Cell 32(2):295−318

doi: 10.1105/tpc.19.00335
[42]

Bartrina I, Otto E, Strnad M, Werner T, Schmülling T. 2011. Cytokinin regulates the activity of reproductive meristems, flower organ size, ovule formation, and thus seed yield in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell 23(1):69−80

doi: 10.1105/tpc.110.079079
[43]

Rao MJ, Duan M, Zhou C, Jiao J, Cheng P, et al. 2025. Antioxidant defense system in plants: reactive oxygen species production, signaling, and scavenging during abiotic stress-induced oxidative damage. Horticulturae 11(5):477

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae11050477
[44]

Lindermayr C. 2018. Crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in plants: key role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 122:110−115

doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.027
[45]

Bahadur A, Batool A, Nasir F, Jiang S, Qin M, et al. 2019. Mechanistic insights into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated drought stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(17):4199

doi: 10.3390/ijms20174199
[46]

Karasov TL, Chae E, Herman JJ, Bergelson J. 2017. Mechanisms to mitigate the trade-off between growth and defense. The Plant Cell 29(4):666−680

doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00931
[47]

Hamid B, Zaman M, Farooq S, Fatima S, Sayyed RZ, et al. 2021. Bacterial plant biostimulants: a sustainable way towards improving growth, productivity, and health of crops. Sustainability 13(5):2856

doi: 10.3390/su13052856
[48]

Porcel R, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, Aroca R. 2014. Involvement of plant endogenous ABA in Bacillus megaterium PGPR activity in tomato plants. BMC Plant Biology 14:36

doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-36
[49]

Alcázar R, Bueno M, Tiburcio AF. 2020. Polyamines: small amines with large effects on plant abiotic stress tolerance. Cells 9(11):2373

doi: 10.3390/cells9112373
[50]

Hosseinifard M, Stefaniak S, Ghorbani Javid M, Soltani E, Wojtyla Ł, et al. 2022. Contribution of exogenous proline to abiotic stresses tolerance in plants: a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(9):5186

doi: 10.3390/ijms23095186
[51]

Liu K, Deng F, Zeng F, Chen ZH, Qin Y, et al. 2025. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve drought tolerance of crops: a review. Plant Growth Regulation 105:567−581

doi: 10.1007/s10725-025-01300-y
[52]

Kumar G, Nanda S, Singh SK, Kumar S, Singh D, et al. 2024. Seaweed extracts: enhancing plant resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Frontiers in Marine Science 11:1457500

doi: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1457500
[53]

Leong JX, Langin G, Üstün S. 2022. Selective autophagy: adding precision in plant immunity. Essays in Biochemistry 66(2):189−206

doi: 10.1042/EBC20210063
[54]

Li M, Yang W, Kondoh A. 2022. Improving remote estimation of vegetation phenology using GCOM-C/SGLI land surface reflectance data. Remote Sensing 14(16):4027

doi: 10.3390/rs14164027
[55]

Atia M, Jiang W, Sedeek K, Butt H, Mahfouz M. 2024. Crop bioengineering via gene editing: reshaping the future of agriculture. Plant Cell Reports 43:98

doi: 10.1007/s00299-024-03183-1
[56]

Feng L, Li X, Zheng XA, Zheng Z, Liu QR, et al. 2025. SnRK1 and TOR: central regulators of autophagy in plant energy stress responses. aBIOTECH 6:663−679

doi: 10.1007/s42994-025-00218-3
[57]

Khablak SH, Bondareva LM, Lykholat TY, Sklyar TV, Lykholat YV, et al. 2026. Jasmonate-ethylene (JA/ET) signaling–metabolic defense system in the integrative model of plant immunity against phytophagous insects. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 17(1):e26013

doi: 10.15421/0226013
[58]

Yan Y, Ham BK. 2022. The mobile small RNAs: important messengers for long-distance communication in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:928729

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928729
[59]

Kambona CM, Koua PA, Léon J, Ballvora A. 2023. Stress memory and its regulation in plants experiencing recurrent drought conditions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 136(2):26

doi: 10.1007/s00122-023-04313-1
[60]

Doidy J, Grace E, Kühn C, Simon-Plas F, Casieri L, et al. 2012. Sugar transporters in plants and in their interactions with fungi. Trends in Plant Science 17(7):413−422

doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.009
[61]

Cannea FB, Padiglia A. 2025. Antioxidant defense systems in plants: mechanisms, regulation, and biotechnological strategies for enhanced oxidative stress tolerance. Life 15(8):1293

doi: 10.3390/life15081293
[62]

Jamsheer KM, Jindal S, Laxmi A. 2019. Evolution of TOR–SnRK dynamics in green plants and its integration with phytohormone signaling networks. Journal of Experimental Botany 70(8):2239−2259

doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz107
[63]

Patyka MV, Khablak SH, Bondareva LM, Patyka TI, Dolia MM, et al. 2025. Bacterial strategies for suppression and evasion of plant immunity: molecular and cellular aspects. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 16(3):e25139

doi: 10.15421/0225139
[64]

Das S, Shil S, Rime J, Alice AK, Yumkhaibam T, et al. 2025. Phytohormonal signaling in plant resilience: advances and strategies for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Growth Regulation 105:329−360

doi: 10.1007/s10725-025-01279-6
[65]

Gelvin SB. 2010. Plant proteins involved in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Annual Review of Phytopathology 48:45−68

doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081852
[66]

Mittler R, Zandalinas SI, Fichman Y, Van Breusegem F. 2022. Reactive oxygen species signalling in plant stress responses. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 23(10):663−679

doi: 10.1038/s41580-022-00499-2