[1]

Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). 2016. WSSA fact sheet: do you have a weed, noxious weed, invasive weed, or "superweed"? Public Awareness Committee of the Weed Science Society of America. https://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Weed-Science-Definitions.pdf

[2]

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), U. S. Forest Service. Invasive plants. www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/invasives/index.shtml

[3]

Middleton BA. 2019. Invasive plant species. In Encyclopedia of ecology, ed. Brian F. Vol. 1. 2nd Edition. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 431−440 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11175-3

[4]

Bateman HL, Ostoja SM. 2012. Invasive woody plants affect the composition of native lizard and small mammal communities in riparian woodlands. Animal Conservation 15(3):294−304

doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00517.x
[5]

Rashid B, Husnain T, Riazuddin S. 2010. Herbicides and pesticides as potential pollutants: a global problem. In Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation, eds. Ashraf M, Ozturk M, Ahmad M. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 427−447 doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9370-7_19

[6]

Mendes KF, Régo APJ, Takeshita V, Tornisielo VL. 2019. Water resource pollution by herbicide residues. In Biochemical Toxicology - Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials, eds. Ince M, Ince OK, Ondrasek G. London: IntechOpen

[7]

Edwards CA, Pimentel D. 1989. Impact of herbicides on soil ecosystems. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 8(3):221−257

doi: 10.1080/07352688909382276
[8]

Halstead JM, Michaud J, Hallas-Burt S, Gibbs JP. 2003. Hedonic analysis of effects of a nonnative invader (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) on New Hampshire (USA) lakefront properties. Environmental Management 32(3):391−398

doi: 10.1007/s00267-003-3023-5
[9]

Marks M, Lapin B, Randall J. 1994. Phragmites australis (P. communis): threats, management and monitoring. Natural Areas Journal 14(4):285−294

[10]

Obiri JF. 2011. Invasive plant species and their disaster-effects in dry tropical forests and rangelands of Kenya and Tanzania. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 3(2):151−158

doi: 10.4102/jamba.v3i2.39
[11]

Moravcová L, Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Pergl J. 2015. Getting the right traits: reproductive and dispersal characteristics predict the invasiveness of herbaceous plant species. PLoS One 10(4):e0123634

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123634
[12]

van Kleunen M, Weber E, Fischer M. 2010. A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecology Letters 13(2):235−245

doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01418.x
[13]

Kalisz S, Kivlin SN, Bialic-Murphy L. 2021. Allelopathy is pervasive in invasive plants. Biological Invasions 23(2):367−371

doi: 10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6
[14]

Sharma G, Barney JN, Westwood JH, Haak DC. 2021. Into the weeds: new insights in plant stress. Trends in Plant Science 26(10):1050−1060

doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.06.003
[15]

Trognitz F, Hackl E, Widhalm S, Sessitsch A. 2016. The role of plant–microbiome interactions in weed establishment and control. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92(10):fiw138

doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw138
[16]

Rout ME, Callaway RM. 2012. Interactions between exotic invasive plants and soil microbes in the rhizosphere suggest that 'everything is not everywhere'. Annals of Botany 110(2):213−222

doi: 10.1093/aob/mcs061
[17]

Pérez-Jaramillo JE, Mendes R, Raaijmakers JM. 2016. Impact of plant domestication on rhizosphere microbiome assembly and functions. Plant Molecular Biology 90(6):635−644

doi: 10.1007/s11103-015-0337-7
[18]

Santhanam R, Luu VT, Weinhold A, Goldberg J, Oh Y, et al. 2015. Native root-associated bacteria rescue a plant from a sudden-wilt disease that emerged during continuous cropping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(36):E5013−E5020

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505765112
[19]

Santhanam R, Menezes RC, Grabe V, Li D, Baldwin IT, et al. 2019. A suite of complementary biocontrol traits allows a native consortium of root-associated bacteria to protect their host plant from a fungal sudden-wilt disease. Molecular Ecology 28(5):1154−1169

doi: 10.1111/mec.15012
[20]

Miranda-Carrazco A, Navarro-Noya YE, Govaerts B, Verhulst N, Dendooven L. 2022. Nitrogen fertilizer application alters the root endophyte bacterial microbiome in maize plants, but not in the stem or rhizosphere soil. Microbiology Spectrum 10(6):e01785-22

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01785-22
[21]

Rodrigues RR, Pineda RP, Barney JN, Nilsen ET, Barrett JE, et al. 2015. Plant invasions associated with change in root-zone microbial community structure and diversity. PLoS One 10(10):e0141424

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141424
[22]

Massenssini AM, Bonduki VHA, Melo CAD, Tótola MR, Ferreira FA, et al. 2014. Soil microorganisms and their role in the interactions between weeds and crops. Planta Daninha 32(4):873−884

doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582014000400022
[23]

Samad A, Trognitz F, Compant S, Antonielli L, Sessitsch A. 2017. Shared and host-specific microbiome diversity and functioning of grapevine and accompanying weed plants. Environmental Microbiology 19(4):1407−1424

doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13618
[24]

Rout ME, Chrzanowski TH. 2009. The invasive Sorghum halepense harbors endophytic N2-fixing bacteria and alters soil biogeochemistry. Plant and Soil 315(1):163−172

doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9740-z
[25]

Sturz AV, Matheson BG, Arsenault W, Kimpinski J, Christie BR. 2001. Weeds as a source of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in agricultural soils. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47(11):1013−1024

doi: 10.1139/w01-110
[26]

Meng Y, Geng X, Zhu P, Bai X, Zhang P, et al. 2024. Enhanced mutualism: a promotional effect driven by bacteria during the early invasion of Phytolacca americana. Ecological Applications 34(1):e2742

doi: 10.1002/eap.2742
[27]

Mangla S, Callaway RM. 2008. Exotic invasive plant accumulates native soil pathogens which inhibit native plants. Journal of Ecology 96(1):58−67

doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01312.x
[28]

Frati F, Salvatori C, Incorvaia C, Bellucci A, Di Cara G, et al. 2018. The role of the microbiome in asthma: the gut–lung axis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(1):123

doi: 10.3390/ijms20010123
[29]

Chang X, Kingsley KL, White JF. 2021. Chemical interactions at the interface of plant root hair cells and intracellular bacteria. Microorganisms 9(5):1041

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9051041
[30]

Verma SK, Sahu PK, Kumar K, Pal G, Gond SK, et al. 2021. Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition, root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance. Journal of Applied Microbiology 131(5):2161−2177

doi: 10.1111/jam.15111
[31]

Lau JA, Funk JL. 2023. How ecological and evolutionary theory expanded the 'ideal weed' concept. Oecologia 203(3–4):251−266

doi: 10.1007/s00442-023-05397-8
[32]

Jiang Y, Li Q, Mao W, Tang W, White Jr JF, et al. 2022. Endophytic bacterial community of Stellera chamaejasme L. and its role in improving host plants' competitiveness in grasslands. Environmental Microbiology 24(8):3322−3333

doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15897
[33]

Irizarry I, White JF. 2018. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alters gene expression, ROS production and lignin synthesis in cotton seedling roots. Journal of Applied Microbiology 124(6):1589−1603

doi: 10.1111/jam.13744
[34]

White JF, Kingsley KL, Verma SK, Kowalski KP. 2018. Rhizophagy cycle: an oxidative process in plants for nutrient extraction from symbiotic microbes. Microorganisms 6(3):95

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms6030095
[35]

Micci A, Zhang Q, Chang X, Kingsley K, Park L, et al. 2022. Histochemical evidence for nitrogen-transfer endosymbiosis in non-photosynthetic cells of leaves and inflorescence bracts of angiosperms. Biology 11(6):876

doi: 10.3390/biology11060876
[36]

Pečenková T, Janda M, Ortmannová J, Hajná V, Stehlíková Z, et al. 2017. Early Arabidopsis root hair growth stimulation by pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Annals of Botany 120(3):437−446

doi: 10.1093/aob/mcx073
[37]

Paungfoo-Lonhienne C, Lonhienne TGA, Schmidt, S. 2010. DNA uptake by Arabidopsis induces changes in the expression of CLE peptides which control root morphology. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5(9):1112−1114

doi: 10.4161/psb.5.9.12477
[38]

Jo I, Fridley JD, Frank DA. 2017. Invasive plants accelerate nitrogen cycling: evidence from experimental woody monocultures. Journal of Ecology 105(4):1105−1110

doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12732
[39]

Kourtev PS, Huang WZ, Ehrenfeld JG. 1999. Differences in earthworm densities and nitrogen dynamics in soils under exotic and native plant species. Biological Invasions 1:237−245

doi: 10.1023/A:1010048909563
[40]

Ehrenfeld JG, Kourtev P, Huang W. 2001. Changes in soil functions following invasions of exotic understory plants in deciduous forests. Ecological Applications 11(5):1287−1300

doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1287:CISFFI]2.0.CO;2
[41]

Laungani R, Knops JM. 2009. Species-driven changes in nitrogen cycling can provide a mechanism for plant invasions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(30):12400−12405

doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900921106
[42]

Kourtev PS, Ehrenfeld JG, Häggblom M. 2002. Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil. Ecology 83(11):3152−3166

doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3152:EPSATM]2.0.CO;2
[43]

Steer J, Harris JA. 2000. Shifts in the microbial community in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils during the growth of Agrostis stolonifera. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32(6):869−878

doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00219-9
[44]

Baldani JI, Baldani VLD, Seldin L, Döbereiner J. 1986. Characterization of Herbaspirillum seropedicae gen. nov., sp. nov., a root-associated nitrogen-fixing bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 36(1):86−93

doi: 10.1099/00207713-36-1-86
[45]

Soares MA, Li HY, Kowalski KP, Bergen M, Torres MS, et al. 2016. Functional role of bacteria from invasive Phragmites australis in promotion of host growth. Microbial Ecology 72(2):407−417

doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0793-x
[46]

Behera P, Venkata Ramana V, Maharana B, Joseph N, Vaishampayan P, et al. 2017. Mangrovibacter phragmitis sp. nov., an endophyte isolated from the roots of Phragmites karka. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67(5):1228−1234

doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001789
[47]

Döbereiner, J. 1988. Isolation and identification of root associated diazotrophs. Plant and soil 110(2):207−212

doi: 10.1007/BF02226800
[48]

Sapkota S, Harris-Shultz KR, Strickland TC, Anderson WF. 2023. Identification of cultured and diazotrophic bacterial endophytes in warm-season grasses. PhytoFrontiers™ 3(2):411−419

doi: 10.1094/PHYTOFR-10-22-0110-R
[49]

Saha C, Mukherjee G, Agarwal-Banka P, Seal A. 2016. A consortium of non-rhizobial endophytic microbes from Typha angustifolia functions as probiotic in rice and improves nitrogen metabolism. Plant Biology 18(6):938−946

doi: 10.1111/plb.12485
[50]

Fatema K, Mahmud NU, Gupta DR, Siddiqui MN, Sakif TI, et al. 2024. Enhancing rice growth and yield with weed endophytic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis and Metabacillus indicus under reduced chemical fertilization. PLoS One 19(5):e0296547

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296547
[51]

Long XH, Zhao J, Liu ZP, Rengel Z, Liu L, et al. 2014. Applying geostatistics to determine the soil quality improvement by Jerusalem artichoke in coastal saline zone. Ecological Engineering 70:319−326

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.024
[52]

Jeong S, Kim TM, Choi B, Kim Y, KIm E. 2021. Invasive Lactuca serriola seeds contain endophytic bacteria that contribute to drought tolerance. Scientific Reports 11:13307

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92706-x
[53]

Verma SK, White JF. 2025. From 'nitrosome' to 'nitroplast': stages in the evolution of nitrogen-fixing organelles from free-living diazotrophs. Symbiosis 95(1):29−34

doi: 10.1007/s13199-025-01033-6
[54]

Sher AW, Aufrecht JA, Herrera D, Zimmerman AE, Kim YM, et al. 2024. Dynamic nitrogen fixation in an aerobic endophyte of Populus. The ISME Journal 18(1):wrad012

doi: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad012
[55]

Shelake RM, Pramanik D, Kim JY. 2019. Exploration of plant-microbe interactions for sustainable agriculture in CRISPR Era. Microorganisms 7(8):269

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7080269
[56]

Rosenblueth M, Ormeño-Orrillo E, López-López A, Rogel MA, Reyes-Hernández BJ, et al. 2018. Nitrogen fixation in cereals. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:1794

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01794
[57]

Yan D, Tajima H, Cline LC, Fong RY, Ottaviani JI, et al. 2022. Genetic modification of flavone biosynthesis in rice enhances biofilm formation of soil diazotrophic bacteria and biological nitrogen fixation. Plant Biotechnology Journal 20(11):2135−2148

doi: 10.1111/pbi.13894
[58]

Qin Y, Xie XQ, Khan Q, Wei JL, Sun AN, et al. 2022. Endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria DX120E inoculation altered the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in sugarcane. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:1000033

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1000033
[59]

Poole P, Ramachandran V, Terpolilli J. 2018. Rhizobia: from saprophytes to endosymbionts. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16(5):291−303

doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.171
[60]

White JF, Torres MS. 2018. Defensive mutualism in microbial symbioses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 430 pp www.routledge.com/Defensive-Mutualism-in-Microbial-Symbiosis/WhiteJr-Torres/p/book/9781138372672

[61]

Schardl CL, Young CA, Hesse U, Amyotte SG, Andreeva K, et al. 2013. Plant-symbiotic fungi as chemical engineers: multi-genome analysis of the Clavicipitaceae reveals dynamics of alkaloid loci. PLoS Genetics 9(2):e1003323

doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003323
[62]

Shymanovich T, Saari S, Lovin ME, Jarmusch AK, Jarmusch SA, et al. 2015. Alkaloid variation among epichloid endophytes of sleepygrass (Achnatherum robustum) and consequences for resistance to insect herbivores. Journal of Chemical Ecology 41(1):93−104

doi: 10.1007/s10886-014-0534-x
[63]

Zhou Y, Li X, Liu H, Gao Y, Mace WJ, et al. 2019. Effects of endophyte infection on the competitive ability of Achnatherum sibiricum depend on endophyte species and nitrogen availability. Journal of Plant Ecology 12(5):815−824

doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtz017
[64]

Leistner E, Steiner U. 2018. The genus Periglandula and its symbiotum with morning glory plants (Convolvulaceae). In Physiology and Genetics: Selected Basic and Applied Aspects, eds. Anke T, Schüffler A. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 131−147 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-71740-1_5

[65]

Yang F, Li Y, Lu P, Wang Y, Gao F, et al. 2025. The effects of P5CR gene function of endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis OW7.8 on swainsonine biosynthesis. Biomolecules 15(4):460

doi: 10.3390/biom15040460
[66]

Zhao M, Gao X, Wang J, He X, Han B. 2013. A review of the most economically important poisonous plants to the livestock industry on temperate grasslands of China. Journal of Applied Toxicology 33(1):9−17

doi: 10.1002/jat.2789
[67]

Jelbert K, Stott I, McDonald RA, Hodgson D. 2015. Invasiveness of plants is predicted by size and fecundity in the native range. Ecology and Evolution 5(10):1933−1943

doi: 10.1002/ece3.1432
[68]

Bak GR, Lee KK, Clark IM, Mauchline TH, Kavamura VN, et al. 2024. The potato rhizosphere microbiota correlated to the yield of three different regions in Korea. Scientific Reports 14(1):4536

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55263-7
[69]

de Andrade LA, Santos CHB, Frezarin ET, Sales LR, Rigobelo EC. 2023. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable agricultural production. Microorganisms 11(4):1088

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11041088
[70]

Sharma I, Raina A, Choudhary M, Apra, Kaul S, et al. 2023. Fungal endophyte bioinoculants as a green alternative towards sustainable agriculture. Heliyon 9(9): e19487

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19487
[71]

Rho H, Van Epps V, Kim SH, Doty SL. 2020. Endophytes increased fruit quality with higher soluble sugar production in honeycrisp apple (Malus pumila). Microorganisms 8(5):699

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8050699
[72]

Khan Z, Guelich G, Phan H, Redman R, Doty S. 2012. Bacterial and yeast endophytes from poplar and willow promote growth in crop plants and grasses. International Scholarly Research Notices 2012:890280

doi: 10.5402/2012/890280
[73]

White JF, Kingsley KL, Zhang Q, Verma R, Obi N, et al. 2019. Endophytic microbes and their potential applications in crop management. Pest Management Science 75(10):2558−2565

doi: 10.1002/ps.5527
[74]

Jones-Held S, White JF. 2024. Effects of endophytes on early growth and ascorbate metabolism in Brassica napus. Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1480387

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1480387
[75]

Singh RR, Demeestere K, Kyndt T. 2023. Ascorbate oxidation stimulates rice root growth via effects on auxin and abscisic acid levels. Plant Growth Regulation 103(1):151−163

doi: 10.1007/s10725-023-01096-9
[76]

Hodgson S, de Cates C, Hodgson J, Morley NJ, Sutton BC, et al. 2014. Vertical transmission of fungal endophytes is widespread in forbs. Ecology and Evolution 4(8):1199−1208

doi: 10.1002/ece3.953
[77]

Manirajan BA, Maisinger C, Ratering S, Rusch V, Schwiertz A, et al. 2018. Diversity, specificity, co-occurrence and hub taxa of the bacterial–fungal pollen microbiome. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 94(8):fiy112

doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiy112
[78]

Cook D, Gardner DR, Ralphs MH, Pfister JA, Welch KD, et al. 2009. Swainsoninine concentrations and endophyte amounts of Undifilum oxytropis in different plant parts of Oxytropis sericea. Journal of Chemical Ecology 35(10):1272−1278

doi: 10.1007/s10886-009-9710-9
[79]

Frank AC, Saldierna Guzmán JP, Shay JE. 2017. Transmission of bacterial endophytes. Microorganisms 5(4):70

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5040070
[80]

Madmony A, Chernin L, Pleban S, Peleg E, Riov J. 2005. Enterobacter cloacae, an obligatory endophyte of pollen grains of mediterranean pines. Folia Microbiologica 50(3):209−216

doi: 10.1007/BF02931568
[81]

Cullen NP, Fetters AM, Ashman TL. 2021. Integrating microbes into pollination. Current Opinion in Insect Science 44:48−54

doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.002
[82]

Yenikalayc A. 2025. Impact of different strains of Bacillus spp. on the bulb production of Tulipa sintenisii Baker. Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1456919

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1456919
[83]

Mei YH, Li X, Zhou JY, Kong FL, Qi SS, et al. 2022. Both adaptability and endophytic bacteria are linked to the functional traits in the invasive clonal plant Wedelia trilobata. Plants 11(23):3369

doi: 10.3390/plants11233369
[84]

Ferguson TD, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR. 2021. Endophyte infected tall fescue: plant symbiosis to animal toxicosis. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8:774287

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.774287
[85]

Perez LI, Gundel PE, Parisi PG, Moyano J, Fiorenza JE, et al. 2021. Can seed-borne endophytes promote grass invasion by reducing host dependence on mycorrhizas? Fungal Ecology 52(3):101077

doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101077
[86]

Redman RS, Sheehan KB, Stout RG, Rodriguez RJ, Henson JM. 2002. Thermotolerance generated by plant/fungal symbiosis. Science 298(5598):1581

doi: 10.1126/science.1078055
[87]

Rodriguez RJ, Henson J, Van Volkenburgh E, Hoy M, Wright L, et al. 2008. Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis. The ISME journal 2(4):404−416

doi: 10.1038/ismej.2007.106
[88]

Álvarez-Loayza P, White Jr JF, Torres MS, Balslev H, Kristiansen T, et al. 2011. Light converts endosymbiotic fungus to pathogen, influencing seedling survival and niche-space filling of a common tropical tree, Iriartea deltoidea. PLoS One 6(1):e16386

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016386
[89]

Wan JZ, Wang CJ, Tan JF, Yu FH. 2017. Climatic niche divergence and habitat suitability of eight alien invasive weeds in China under climate change. Ecology and Evolution 7(5):1541−1552

doi: 10.1002/ece3.2684
[90]

Gucker Corey L. 2008. Phragmites australis. Fire effects information system. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phraus/all.html

[91]

Chambers RM, Osgood DT, Bart DJ, Montalto F. 2003. Phragmites australis invasion and expansion in tidal wetlands: interactions among salinity, sulfide, and hydrology. Estuaries 26(2):398−406

doi: 10.1007/BF02823716
[92]

Chen Z, Jin Y, Yao X, Chen T, Wei X, et al. 2020. Fungal endophyte improves survival of Lolium perenne in low fertility soils by increasing root growth, metabolic activity and absorption of nutrients. Plant and Soil 452(1–2):185−206

doi: 10.1007/s11104-020-04556-7
[93]

Belesky DP, West CP. 2009. Abiotic stresses and endophyte effects. In Tall Fescue for the Twenty‐first Century, eds. Fribourg HA, Hannaway DB, West CP. Vol. 53. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Inc. pp 49−64 doi: 10.2134/agronmonogr53.c4

[94]

Malinowski DP, Belesky DP. 2000. Adaptations of endophyte-infected cool-season grasses to environmental stresses: mechanisms of drought and mineral stress tolerance. Crop Science 40(4):923−940

doi: 10.2135/cropsci2000.404923x
[95]

Soares MA, Li HY, Kowalski KP, Bergen M, Torres MS, et al. 2016. Evaluation of the functional roles of fungal endophytes of Phragmites australis from high saline and low saline habitats. Biological Invasions 18(9):2689−2702

doi: 10.1007/s10530-016-1160-z
[96]

Gonzalez MM, Baldwin AH, Maul JE, Yarwood SA. 2020. Dark septate endophyte improves salt tolerance of native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. The ISME Journal 14(8):1943−1954

doi: 10.1038/s41396-020-0654-y
[97]

Fan D, Subramanian S, Smith DL. 2020. Plant endophytes promote growth and alleviate salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Scientific Reports 10(1):12740

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69713-5
[98]

Gond SK, Torres MS, Bergen MS, Helsel Z, White Jr JF. 2015. Induction of salt tolerance and up-regulation of aquaporin genes in tropical corn by rhizobacterium Pantoea agglomerans. Letters in Applied Microbiology 60(4):392−399

doi: 10.1111/lam.12385
[99]

Ghosh UD, Singh PK, Ganguli S, Saha C, Chandra A, et al. 2019. Rhizospheric soil of Typha angustifolia L. from heavy metal contaminated and free sites: comparative profiling reveals selective abundance of γ-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 57(10):733−740

[100]

Raab A, Feldmann J. 2003. Microbial transformation of metals and metalloids. Science Progress 86(Pt 3):179−202

doi: 10.3184/003685003783238671
[101]

González-Benítez N, Martín-Rodríguez I, Cuesta I, Arrayás M, White JF, et al. 2021. Endophytic microbes are tools to increase tolerance in Jasione plants against arsenic stress. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:664271

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664271
[102]

Lonkar K, Bodade R. 2021. Potential role of endophytes in weeds and herbicide tolerance in plants. In Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management, eds. Mohamed HI, El-Beltagi HEDS, Abd-Elsalam KA. Cham: Springer. pp. 227−250 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-66587-6_9

[103]

Mesquini JA, Sawaya ACHF, López BGC, Oliveira VM, Miyasaka NRS. 2015. Detoxification of atrazine by endophytic Streptomyces sp. isolated from sugarcane and detection of nontoxic metabolite. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 95(6):803−809

doi: 10.1007/s00128-015-1673-7
[104]

Feng F, Ge J, Li Y, Cheng J, Zhong J, et al. 2017. Isolation, colonization, and chlorpyrifos degradation mediation of the endophytic bacterium Sphingomonas strain HJY in Chinese Chives (Allium tuberosum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65(6):1131−1138

doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05283
[105]

Tétard-Jones C, Edwards R. 2016. Potential roles for microbial endophytes in herbicide tolerance in plants. Pest Management Science 72(2):203−209

doi: 10.1002/ps.4147
[106]

Mohy-Ud-Din W, Chen F, Bashir S, Akhtar MJ, Asghar HN, et al. 2025. Enhancing maize yield and antioxidant capacity with glyphosate-resilient rhizobacteria in glyphosate contaminated soil. BMC Plant Biology 25(1):1255

doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-06492-z
[107]

Vila-Aiub MM, Martinez-Ghersa MA, Ghersa CM. 2003. Evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds: vertically transmitted fungal endophytes as genetic entities. Evolutionary Ecology 17:441−456

doi: 10.1023/B:EVEC.0000005580.19018.fb
[108]

Díaz-Narváez L, Atanasov KE, Murillo E, Alcázar R. 2024. Pararhizobium sp. strains enhancing chilling stress tolerance and yield in tomato plants. Plant Stress 14:100587

doi: 10.1016/j.stress.2024.100587
[109]

Subramanian P, Kim K, Krishnamoorthy R, Mageswari A, Selvakumar G, et al. 2016. Cold stress tolerance in psychrotolerant soil bacteria and their conferred chilling resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) under low temperatures. PLoS One 11(8):e0161592

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161592
[110]

Hoermiller II, Funck D, Schönewolf L, May H, Heyer AG. 2022. Cytosolic proline is required for basal freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant, Cell & Environment 45(1):147−155

doi: 10.1111/pce.14196
[111]

Chun SC, Paramasivan M, Chandrasekaran M. 2018. Proline accumulation influenced by osmotic stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic plants. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:2525

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02525
[112]

Lee K, Missaoui A, Mahmud K, Presley H, Lonnee M. 2021. Interaction between grasses and Epichloë endophytes and its significance to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and the rhizosphere. Microorganisms 9(11):2186

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9112186
[113]

Shaffique S, Khan MA, Wani SH, Pande A, Imran M, et al. 2022. A review on the role of endophytes and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in mitigating heat stress in plants. Microorganisms 10(7):1286

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10071286
[114]

Dastogeer KMG, Zahan MI, Rhaman MS, Sarker MSA, Chakraborty A. 2022. Microbe-mediated thermotolerance in plants and pertinent mechanisms- a meta-analysis and review. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:833566

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.833566
[115]

Waqas M, Khan AL, Shahzad R, Ullah I, Khan AR, et al. 2015. Mutualistic fungal endophytes produce phytohormones and organic acids that promote japonica rice plant growth under prolonged heat stress. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B 16(12):1011−1018

doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1500081
[116]

Khan MA, Asaf S, Khan AL, Jan R, Kang SM, et al. 2020. Thermotolerance effect of plant growth-promoting Bacillus cereus SA1 on soybean during heat stress. BMC Microbiology 20(1):175

doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01822-7
[117]

Redman RS, Kim YO, Woodward CJDA, Greer C, Espino L, et al. 2011. Increased fitness of rice plants to abiotic stress via habitat adapted symbiosis: a strategy for mitigating impacts of climate change. PLoS One 6(7):e14823

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014823
[118]

Liu Y, Wei X. 2019. Dark septate endophyte improves drought tolerance of Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & E. H. Wilson by modulating root morphology, ultrastructure, and the ratio of root hormones. Forests 10(10):830

doi: 10.3390/f10100830
[119]

West CP. 2018. Physiology and drought tolerance of endophyte-infected grasses. In Biotechnology of Endophytic Fungi of Grasses, eds. Bacon CW, White JF. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 87−99 doi: 10.1201/9781351070324-7

[120]

Yang A, Li Y, Zeng Z, Zhang H. 2024. Role of the foliar endophyte Colletotrichum in the resistance of invasive Ageratina adenophora to disease and abiotic stress. Microorganisms 12(12):2565

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12122565
[121]

Li X, He C, He X, Su F, Hou L, et al. 2019. Dark septate endophytes improve the growth of host and non-host plants under drought stress through altered root development. Plant and Soil 439(6):259−272

doi: 10.1007/s11104-019-04057-2
[122]

González Ortega-Villaizán A, King E, Patel MK, Rodríguez-Dobreva E, González-Teuber M, et al. 2025. Identification of a drought stress response module in tomato plants commonly induced by fungal endophytes that confer increased drought tolerance. Plant Molecular Biology 115(1):7

doi: 10.1007/s11103-024-01532-y
[123]

Abideen Z, Cardinale M, Zulfiqar F, Koyro HW, Rasool SG, et al. 2022. Seed endophyte bacteria enhance drought stress tolerance in Hordeum vulgare by regulating, physiological characteristics, antioxidants and minerals uptake. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:980046

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980046
[124]

Abdolmaleki AK, Pirdashti H, Yaghoubian Y, Abbasian A, Shiade SRG. 2023. Endophytic fungi improve growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under limited light conditions. Gesunde Pflanzen 75(5):1517−1529

doi: 10.1007/s10343-022-00816-x
[125]

Fadaei A, Asghari H, Pirdashti H, Yaghoubian Y, Akandi ZN. 2024. Endophytic symbiosis enhances the growth, yield, and antioxidant defense in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) exposed to various light intensities. Journal of Crop Health 76(5):1167−1178

doi: 10.1007/s10343-024-01017-4
[126]

Ramos P, Rivas N, Pollmann S, Casati P, Molina-Montenegro MA. 2018. Hormonal and physiological changes driven by fungal endophytes increase Antarctic plant performance under UV-B radiation. Fungal Ecology 34:76−82

doi: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.05.006
[127]

Barrera A, Hereme R, Ruiz-Lara S, Larrondo LF, Gundel PE, et al. 2020. Fungal endophytes enhance the photoprotective mechanisms and photochemical efficiency in the Antarctic Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. exposed to UV-B radiation. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8:122

doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00122
[128]

Davitt AJ, Stansberry M, Rudgers JA. 2010. Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability? New Phytologist 188(3):824−834

doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x
[129]

Schneider M, Ballvora A, Léon J. 2024. Deep genotyping reveals specific adaptation footprints of conventional and organic farming in barley populations—an evolutionary plant breeding approach. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 44(3):33

doi: 10.1007/s13593-024-00962-8
[130]

Scholes DR, Paige KN. 2015. Plasticity in ploidy: a generalized response to stress. Trends in Plant Science 20(3):165−175

doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.007
[131]

Darmasaputra GS, van Rijnberk LM, Galli M. 2024. Functional consequences of somatic polyploidy in development. Development 151(5):dev202392

doi: 10.1242/dev.202392
[132]

Barkla BJ, Rhodes T, Tran KNT, Wijesinghege C, Larkin JC, et al. 2018. Making epidermal bladder cells bigger: developmental- and salinity-induced endopolyploidy in a model halophyte. Plant Physiology 177(2):615−632

doi: 10.1104/pp.18.00033
[133]

Edgar BA, Zielke N, Gutierrez C. 2014. Endocycles: a recurrent evolutionary innovation for post-mitotic cell growth. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 15(3):197−210

doi: 10.1038/nrm3756
[134]

Bhosale R, Boudolf V, Cuevas F, Lu R, Eekhout T, et al. 2018. A spatiotemporal DNA endoploidy map of the Arabidopsis root reveals roles for the endocycle in root development and stress adaptation. The Plant Cell 30(10):2330−2351

doi: 10.1105/tpc.17.00983
[135]

Chao DY, Dilkes B, Luo H, Douglas A, Yakubova E, et al. 2013. Polyploids exhibit higher potassium uptake and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis. Science 341(6146):658−659

doi: 10.1126/science.1240561
[136]

Yang PM, Huang QC, Qin GY, Zhao SP, Zhou JG. 2014. Different drought-stress responses in photosynthesis and reactive oxygen metabolism between autotetraploid and diploid rice. Photosynthetica 52(2):193−202

doi: 10.1007/s11099-014-0020-2
[137]

Oswald BP, Nuismer SL. 2007. Neopolyploidy and pathogen resistance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1624):2393−2397

doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0692
[138]

Van de Peer Y, Mizrachi E, Marchal, K. 2017. The evolutionary significance of polyploidy. Nature Reviews Genetics 18(7):411−424

doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.26
[139]

Ramachandran D, Huebner C, Daly M, Haimovitz J, Swale T, et al. 2021. Chromosome level genome assembly and annotation of highly invasive Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum). Genome Biology and Evolution 13(11):evab238

doi: 10.1093/gbe/evab238
[140]

Wang C, Liu L, Yin M, Eller F, Brix H, et al. 2024. Genome-wide analysis tracks the emergence of intraspecific polyploids in Phragmites australis. NPJ Biodiversity 3(1):29

doi: 10.1038/s44185-024-00060-8
[141]

Rutland CA, Hall ND, McElroy JS. 2021. The impact of polyploidization on the evolution of weed species: historical understanding and current limitations. Frontiers in Agronomy 3:626454

doi: 10.3389/fagro.2021.626454
[142]

Dan H, Imaseki H, Wasteneys GO, Kazama H. 2003. Ethylene stimulates endoreduplication but inhibits cytokinesis in cucumber hypocotyl epidermis. Plant Physiology 133(4):1726−1731

doi: 10.1104/pp.103.025783
[143]

Wildermuth MC, Steinwand MA, McRae AG, Jaenisch J, Chandran D. 2017. Adapted biotroph manipulation of plant cell ploidy. Annual Review of Phytopathology 55(1):537−564

doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035458
[144]

Stetter MG, Schmid K, Ludewig U. 2015. Uncovering genes and ploidy involved in the high diversity in root hair density, length and response to local scarce phosphate in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 10(3):e0120604

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120604
[145]

Hanford HE, Von Dwingelo J, Abu Kwaik Y. 2021. Bacterial nucleomodulins: a coevolutionary adaptation to the eukaryotic command center. PLoS Pathogens 17(1):e1009184

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009184
[146]

Zimmermann SD, Gaillard I. 2023. Epigenetic control is involved in molecular dialogue in plant–microbe symbiosis. New Phytologist 238(6):2259−2260

doi: 10.1111/nph.18916
[147]

Molina-Montenegro MA, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Atala C, Ballesteros GI, Carrasco-Urra F, et al. 2026. The endomicrobiome and weed invasiveness in Mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. Nature Communications17(1):3063

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68826-1
[148]

Malinowski D, Leuchtmann A, Schmidt D, Nösberger J. 1997. Growth and water status in meadow fescue is affected by Neotyphodium and Phialophora species endophytes. Agronomy Journal 89(4):673−678

doi: 10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040021x
[149]

Irizarry I, White JF. 2017. Application of bacteria from non-cultivated plants to promote growth, alter root architecture and alleviate salt stress of cotton. Journal of Applied Microbiology 122(4):1110−1120

doi: 10.1111/jam.13414
[150]

Raaijmakers JM, Kiers ET. 2022. Rewilding plant microbiomes. Science 378(6620):599−600

doi: 10.1126/science.abn6350