doi:10.48130/vns-0026-0034

[1]

Gong Y, Fu Z, Liegl R, Chen J, Hellström A, et al. 2017. ω-3 and ω-6 long-chain PUFAs and their enzymatic metabolites in neovascular eye diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106(1):16−26

doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.153825

[2]

Fu Z, Smith LEH. 2021. Cellular senescence in pathologic retinal angiogenesis. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 32(7):415−416

doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.010

[3]

Galindo-Cabello N, Caballano-Infantes E, Benites G, Pastor-Idoate S, Diaz-Corrales FJ, et al. 2025. Retinal organoids: innovative tools for understanding retinal degeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(7):3263

doi: 10.3390/ijms26073263

[4]

Revokatova D, Bikmulina P, Heydari Z, Solovieva A, Vosough M, et al. 2025. Getting blood out of a stone: vascularization via spheroids and organoids in 3D bioprinting. Cells 14(9):665

doi: 10.3390/cells14090665

[5]

González-Sastre R, Coronel R, Bernabeu-Zornoza A, Mateos-Martínez P, Rosca A, et al. 2024. Efficient generation of human cerebral organoids directly from adherent cultures of pluripotent stem cells. Journal of Tissue Engineering 15:20417314231226027

doi: 10.1177/20417314231226027

[6]

Bas-Cristóbal Menéndez A, Du Z, van den Bosch TPP, Othman A, Gaio N, et al. 2022. Creating a kidney organoid-vasculature interaction model using a novel organ-on-chip system. Scientific Reports 12:20699

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24945-5

[7]

Shin YJ, Safina D, Zheng Y, Levenberg S. 2025. Microvascularization in 3D human engineered tissue and organoids. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 27:473−498

doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-115236

[8]

Nguyen J, Lin YY, Gerecht S. 2021. The next generation of endothelial differentiation: Tissue-specific ECs. Cell Stem Cell 28(7):1188−1204

doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.002

[9]

Xia J, Liu ZY, Han ZY, Yuan Y, Shao Y, et al. 2022. Regulation of cell attachment, spreading, and migration by hydrogel substrates with independently tunable mesh size. Acta Biomaterialia 141:178−189

doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.025

[10]

Wang K, Lin RZ, Hong X, Ng AH, Lee CN, et al. 2020. Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells via temporal modulation of ETV2 with modified mRNA. Science Advances 6(30):eaba7606

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7606

[11]

Palikuqi B, Nguyen DT, Li G, Schreiner R, Pellegata AF, et al. 2020. Adaptable haemodynamic endothelial cells for organogenesis and tumorigenesis. Nature 585(7825):426−432

doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2712-z

[12]

Vargas-Valderrama A, Messina A, Mitjavila-Garcia MT, Guenou H. 2020. The endothelium, a key actor in organ development and hPSC-derived organoid vascularization. Journal of Biomedical Science 27(1):67

doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00661-y

[13]

Ahn Y, An JH, Yang HJ, Lee DG, Kim J, et al. 2021. Human blood vessel organoids penetrate human cerebral organoids and form a vessel-like system. Cells 10(8):2036

doi: 10.3390/cells10082036

[14]

Sang X, Xu J, Wang Y, Li J, Xu J, et al. 2024. Generation of vascularized pancreatic progenitors through co-differentiation of endoderm and mesoderm from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 15(1):502

doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-04120-5

[15]

Kang D, Hong G, An S, Jang I, Yun WS, et al. 2020. Bioprinting of multiscaled hepatic lobules within a highly vascularized construct. Small 16(13):1905505

doi: 10.1002/smll.201905505

[16]

Li H, Shadrin I, Helfer A, Heman K, Rao L, et al. 2026. In vitro vascularization improves in vivo functionality of human engineered cardiac tissues. Acta Biomaterialia 211:61−73

doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.11.014

[17]

Nwokoye PN, Abilez OJ. 2024. Bioengineering methods for vascularizing organoids. Cell Reports Methods 4(6):100779

doi: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100779

[18]

Xing F, Xiang Z, Rommens PM, Ritz U. 2020. 3D bioprinting for vascularized tissue-engineered bone fabrication. Materials 13(10):2278

doi: 10.3390/ma13102278

[19]

Tamo AK, Tran TA, Doench I, Jahangir S, Lall A, et al. 2022. 3D printing of cellulase-laden cellulose nanofiber/chitosan hydrogel composites: towards tissue engineering functional biomaterials with enzyme-mediated biodegradation. Materials 15(17):6039

doi: 10.3390/ma15176039

[20]

Gudapati H, Dey M, Ozbolat I. 2016. A comprehensive review on droplet-based bioprinting: Past, present and future. Biomaterials 102:20−42

doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.012

[21]

You S, Xiang Y, Hwang HH, Berry DB, Kiratitanaporn W, et al. 2023. High cell density and high-resolution 3D bioprinting for fabricating vascularized tissues. Science Advances 9(8):eade7923

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7923

[22]

Li W, Mille LS, Robledo JA, Uribe T, Huerta V, et al. 2020. Recent advances in formulating and processing biomaterial inks for vat polymerization-based 3D printing. Advanced Healthcare Materials 9(15):2000156

doi: 10.1002/adhm.202000156

[23]

Abukunna FE, Aladdad AM, McLoughlin KJ, Thallapureddy K, Vierra M, et al. 2025. Three-dimensional bioprinting of astrocytes and endothelial cells to direct retinal axon growth and vascularization. Tissue Engineering Part A 31(21−22):1253−1268

doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2024.0326

[24]

Zheng F, Derby B, Wong J. 2021. Fabrication of microvascular constructs using high resolution electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing. Biofabrication 13(3):035006

doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/abd158

[25]

Rayner SG, Howard CC, Mandrycky CJ, Stamenkovic S, Himmelfarb J, et al. 2021. Multiphoton-guided creation of complex organ-specific microvasculature. Advanced Healthcare Materials 10(10):2100031

doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100031

[26]

Bernal PN, Bouwmeester M, Madrid-Wolff J, Falandt M, Florczak S, et al. 2022. Volumetric bioprinting of organoids and optically tuned hydrogels to build liver-like metabolic biofactories. Advanced Materials 34(15):2110054

doi: 10.1002/adma.202110054

[27]

Duong VT, Lin CC. 2023. Digital light processing 3D bioprinting of gelatin-norbornene hydrogel for enhanced vascularization. Macromolecular Bioscience 23(12):2300213

doi: 10.1002/mabi.202300213

[28]

Skylar-Scott MA, Uzel SGM, Nam LL, Ahrens JH, Truby RL, et al. 2019. Biomanufacturing of organ-specific tissues with high cellular density and embedded vascular channels. Science Advances 5(9):eaaw2459

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2459

[29]

Wu KY, Osman RM, Esomchukwu O, Marchand M, Nguyen BH, et al. 2025. Advances in regenerative medicine, cell therapy, and 3D bioprinting for glaucoma and retinal diseases. In Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, ed. Turksen K. Vol. 25. Cham: Springer. pp.115−139 doi: 10.1007/5584_2025_854

[30]

Yin H, Wang Y, Liu N, Zhong S, Li L, et al. 2024. Advances in the model structure of in vitro vascularized organ-on-a-chip. Cyborg and Bionic Systems 5:107

doi: 10.34133/cbsystems.0107

[31]

Liu Y, Lin L, Qiao L. 2023. Recent developments in organ-on-a-chip technology for cardiovascular disease research. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 415(18):3911−3925

doi: 10.1007/s00216-023-04596-9

[32]

Seiler KM, Bajinting A, Alvarado DM, Traore MA, Binkley MM, et al. 2020. Patient-derived small intestinal myofibroblasts direct perfused, physiologically responsive capillary development in a microfluidic Gut-on-a-Chip Model. Scientific Reports 10:3842

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60672-5

[33]

Rayner SG, Phong KT, Xue J, Lih D, Shankland SJ, et al. 2018. Reconstructing the human renal vascular–tubular unit in vitro. Advanced Healthcare Materials 7(23):1801120

doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801120

[34]

Akinbote A, Beltran-Sastre V, Cherubini M, Visone R, Hajal C, et al. 2021. Classical and non-classical fibrosis phenotypes are revealed by lung and cardiac like microvascular tissues on-chip. Frontiers in Physiology 12:735915

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735915

[35]

Liu J, Feng C, Zhang M, Song F, Liu H. 2022. Design and fabrication of a liver-on-a-chip reconstructing tissue-tissue interfaces. Frontiers in Oncology 12:959299

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.959299

[36]

Hospodiuk-Karwowski M, Chi K, Pritchard J, Catchmark JM. 2022. Vascularized pancreas-on-a-chip device produced using a printable simulated extracellular matrix. Biomedical Materials 17(6):065006

doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ac8c74

[37]

Thomas BB, Rajendran Nair DS, Rahimian M, Hassan AK, Tran TL, et al. 2025. Animal models for the evaluation of retinal stem cell therapies. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 106:101356

doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101356

[38]

Kawai K, Ho MT, Ueno Y, Abdo D, Xue C, et al. 2024. Hyaluronan improves photoreceptor differentiation and maturation in human retinal organoids. Acta Biomaterialia 181:117−132

doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.001

[39]

Zhong X, Gutierrez C, Xue T, Hampton C, Vergara MN, et al. 2014. Generation of three-dimensional retinal tissue with functional photoreceptors from human iPSCs. Nature Communications 5:4047

doi: 10.1038/ncomms5047

[40]

Chen H, Liang Y, Sun X, Xiong W, Yang T, et al. 2025. Generation of vascularized retinal organoids containing microglia based on a PDMS microwell platform. Science Advances 11(41):eady6410

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ady6410

[41]

Xue Y, Seiler MJ, Tang WC, Wang JY, Delgado J, et al. 2021. Retinal organoids on-a-chip: a micro-millifluidic bioreactor for long-term organoid maintenance. Lab on a Chip 21(17):3361−3377

doi: 10.1039/d1lc00011j

[42]

Inagaki S, Nakamura S, Kuse Y, Aoshima K, et al. 2025. Establishment of vascularized human retinal organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 43(3):sxae093

doi: 10.1093/stmcls/sxae093

[43]

Chen KY, Chan HC, Chan CM. 2025. Can stem cell therapy revolutionize ocular disease treatment? a critical review of preclinical and clinical advances. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 21(5):1160−1185

doi: 10.1007/s12015-025-10884-x

[44]

Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Tzoumas N, Corral-Serrano JC, Guarascio R, Steel DH, et al. 2024. Pluripotent stem cell-derived models of retinal disease: Elucidating pathogenesis, evaluating novel treatments, and estimating toxicity. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 100:101248

doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101248

[45]

Kim D, Yi S, Park BU, Lee SJ, Lee J, et al. 2025. Ready-to-use nanofiber membrane-integrated organ-on-a-chip via cryopreservation of cell-loaded microfluidic chip. ACS Macro Letters 14(5):622−629

doi: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5c00129

[46]

Paek J, Park SE, Lu Q, Park KT, Cho M, et al. 2019. Microphysiological engineering of self-assembled and perfusable microvascular beds for the production of vascularized three-dimensional human microtissues. ACS Nano 13(7):7627−7643

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00686

[47]

Manian KV, Galloway CA, Dalvi S, Emanuel AA, Mereness JA, et al. 2021. 3D iPSC modeling of the retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex identifies factors involved in the pathology of macular degeneration. Cell Stem Cell 28(5):846−862. e8

doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.006

[48]

Song MJ, Quinn R, Nguyen E, Hampton C, Sharma R, et al. 2023. Bioprinted 3D outer retina barrier uncovers RPE-dependent choroidal phenotype in advanced macular degeneration. Nature Methods 20(1):149−161

doi: 10.1038/s41592-022-01701-1

[49]

Saito J, Kaneko M, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama U. 2021. Challenges and possibilities of cell-based tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2021:2021/1532103

doi: 10.34133/2021/1532103