[1]

Theys B, Dimitriadis G, Hendrick P, De Schutter J. 2017. Experimental and numerical study of micro-aerial-vehicle propeller performance in oblique flow. Journal of Aircraft 54(3):1076−1084

doi: 10.2514/1.c033618
[2]

Hoffmann G, Huang H, Waslander S, Tomlin C. 2007. Quadrotor helicopter flight dynamics and control: theory and experiment. AIAA guidance, navigation and control conference and exhibit. 20−23 August, 2007, Hilton Head, South Carolina. Reston, Virginia: AIAA. pp. 1−20 doi: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-6461
[3]

Pounds P, Mahony R, Corke P. 2006. Modelling and control of a quad-rotor robot. Proceedings of the 2006 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation, Australian Robotics and Automation Association (ARAA). pp. 1-10 http://hdl.handle.net/1885/35070
[4]

Shakhatreh H, Sawalmeh AH, Al-Fuqaha A, Dou Z, Almaita E, et al. 2019. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): a survey on civil applications and key research challenges. IEEE Access 7:48572−48634

doi: 10.1109/access.2019.2909530
[5]

Passe BJ, Sridharan A, Baeder JD. 2015. Computational investigation of coaxial rotor interactional aerodynamics in steady forward flight. 33rd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. 22−26 June 2015, Dallas, TX. Reston, Virginia: AIAA. pp. 1−29 doi: 10.2514/6.2015-2883
[6]

Zhang W, Xu B, Zhang H, Xiang C, Fan W, et al. 2023. Analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of propeller systems based on Martian atmospheric environment. Drones 7(6):397

doi: 10.3390/drones7060397
[7]

Zhao G, Yang L, Yuan X, Zhao Q. 2025. Evolution and interaction mechanism of blade tip Vortex for coaxial rotors in hover. Aerospace Science and Technology 165:110474

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2025.110474
[8]

Lakshminarayan VK, Baeder JD. 2010. Computational investigation of microscale coaxial-rotor aerodynamics in hover. Journal of Aircraft 47(3):940−955

doi: 10.2514/1.46530
[9]

Otsuka H, Nagatani K. 2016. Thrust loss saving design of overlapping rotor arrangement on small multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 16−21 May 2016, Stockholm, Sweden. USA: IEEE. pp. 3242−3248 doi: 10.1109/ICRA.2016.7487494
[10]

Herz S, Atte A, Seth D, McCrink M, Rauleder J. 2023. Impact of rotor-rotor and rotor-body aerodynamic interactions on quadrotor vehicle performance. Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 79th Annual Forum and Technology Display. May 16−18, 2023. West Palm Beach, Florida. USA: The Vertical Flight Society. pp. 1−13 https://proceedings.vtol.org/79/test-and-evaluation/impact-of-rotor-rotor-and-rotor-body-aerodynamic-interactions-on-quadrotor-vehicle-performance
[11]

Herz S, Atte A, Seth D, Rauleder J, McCrink M. 2025. Effects of rotor–rotor and rotor–body interactions on quadrotor vehicle performance for multiple flight configurations. Aerospace Science and Technology 158:109873

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2024.109873
[12]

Hwang JY, Jung MK, Kwon OJ. 2014. Numerical study of aerodynamic performance of a multirotor unmanned-aerial-vehicle configuration. Journal of Aircraft 52(3):839−846

doi: 10.2514/1.C032828
[13]

Atte A, Rauleder J. 2024. Investigation of rotor vertical offset effects on quadrotor performance. Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum and Technology Display, Montréal, Québec, May 7, 2024. USA: The Vertical Flight Society. pp. 3661–3680 doi: 10.4050/F-0080-2024-1388
[14]

Atte A, Wylie D, Rauleder J. 2022. Experimental investigation of multi-rotor aerodynamic interactions. Proceedings of the Vertical Flight Society 78th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 10–12 May 2022, Fort Worth, Texas, USA Fairfax, Virginia, USA: The Vertical Flight Society. pp. 1522–1538 doi: 10.4050/F-0078-2022-1182
[15]

Yoon S, Lee HC, Pulliam TH. 2016 Computational analysis of multi-rotor flows. 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. 4-8 January 2016, San Diego, California, USA. Reston, Virginia: AIAA. pp. 2016-0812 doi: 10.2514/6.2016-0812
[16]

Yuan Y, Thomson D, Chen R. 2019. Investigation of lift offset on flight dynamics characteristics for coaxial compound helicopters. Journal of Aircraft 56(6):2210−2222

doi: 10.2514/1.c035190
[17]

Ko J, Lee S. 2020. Numerical investigation of inter-rotor spacing effects on wake dynamics of coaxial rotors. Journal of Aircraft 58(2):363−373

doi: 10.2514/1.C035857
[18]

Singh R, Kang H, Bhagwat M, Cameron C, Sirohi J. 2016. Computational and experimental study of coaxial rotor steady and vibratory loads. 54th AIAA aerospace sciences meeting. pp. 2016-1787 doi: 10.2514/6.2016-1787
[19]

Jia Z, Lee S. 2019. Impulsive loading noise of a lift-offset coaxial rotor in high-speed forward flight. AIAA Journal 58(2):687−701

doi: 10.2514/1.J058295
[20]

Tinney CE, Valdez J. 2019. Thrust and acoustic performance of small-scale, coaxial, corotating rotors in hover. AIAA Journal 58(4):1657−1667

doi: 10.2514/1.J058489
[21]

Singh P, Venkatesan C. 2013. Experimental performance evaluation of coaxial rotors for a micro aerial vehicle. Journal of Aircraft 50(5):1465−1480

doi: 10.2514/1.C031971
[22]

Stokkermans TCA, Usai D, Sinnige T, Veldhuis LLM. 2021. Aerodynamic interaction effects between propellers in typical eVTOL vehicle configurations. Journal of Aircraft 58(4):815−833

doi: 10.2514/1.C035814
[23]

Jacobellis G, Singh R, Johnson C, Sirohi J, McDonald R. 2021. Experimental and computational investigation of stacked rotor performance in hover. Aerospace Science and Technology 116:106847

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2021.106847
[24]

Shukla D, Komerath N. 2019. Low Reynolds number multirotor aerodynamic wake interactions. Experiments in Fluids 60(4):77

doi: 10.1007/s00348-019-2724-3
[25]

Shukla D, Komerath N. 2019. Drone scale coaxial rotor aerodynamic interactions investigation. Journal of Fluids Engineering 141(7):071106

doi: 10.1115/1.4042162
[26]

Johnson W, Silva C, Solis E. 2018. Concept vehicles for VTOL air taxi operations, AHS Specialists. Conference on Aeromechanics Design for Transformative Vertical Flight. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), San Francisco, California, USA, 2018. pp. 835–858 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180003381
[27]

Silva C, Johnson WR, Solis E, Patterson MD, Antcliff KR. 2018. VTOL urban air mobility concept vehicles for technology development. 2018 Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference. June 25−29, 2018, Atlanta, Georgia. Reston, Virginia: AIAA. pp. 2018-3847 doi: 10.2514/6.2018-3847
[28]

Ramasamy M. 2015. Hover performance measurements toward understanding aerodynamic interference in coaxial, tandem, and tilt rotors. Journal of the American Helicopter Society 60(3):1−17

doi: 10.4050/jahs.60.032005
[29]

Cai J, Gunasekaran S, Ol MV. 2023. Vertically offset overlapping propellers in tandem configuration. AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum. National Harbor, MD & Online. Reston, Virginia: AIAA. pp. xx−xx doi: 10.2514/6.2023-2464
[30]

Cai J, Gunasekaran S, Ol M. 2024. Investigation of positively staggered vertically offset propellers in tandem. AIAA SCITECH 2024 Forum. 8−12 January 2024, Orlando, FL. Reston, Virginia: AIAA. pp. 2024-1510 doi: 10.2514/6.2024-1510
[31]

Zanotti A, Algarotti D. 2022. Aerodynamic interaction between tandem overlapping propellers in eVTOL airplane mode flight condition. Aerospace Science and Technology 124:107518

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2022.107518
[32]

Brazinskas M, Prior SD, Scanlan JP. 2016. An empirical study of overlapping rotor interference for a small unmanned aircraft propulsion system. Aerospace 3(4):32

doi: 10.3390/aerospace3040032
[33]

Xu Z, Ding Y, Hui Z, Tang C, Jiang Z, et al. 2025. Performance analysis and flow mechanism of close-range overlapping rotor in hover. Drones 9(4):269

doi: 10.3390/drones9040269
[34]

Zhu H, Deng S, Wei S, Nie H, Wei X. 2023. Experimental investigation on thrust performance of a small-scale staggered rotor system in hover. Drones 7(11):677

doi: 10.3390/drones7110677
[35]

Zhu H, Wei S, Nie H, Du Y, Wei X. 2024. Ground effect on the thrust performance of staggered rotor system. Drones 8(4):118

doi: 10.3390/drones8040118
[36]

Liu X, Zhao D, Oo NL. 2023. Comparison studies on aerodynamic performances of a rotating propeller for small-size UAVs. Aerospace Science and Technology 133:108148

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2023.108148
[37]

Menter FR. 1994. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA Journal 32(8):1598−1605

doi: 10.2514/3.12149
[38]

Liu X, Zhao D, Oo NL. 2022. Numerical prediction of the power coefficient improvements of three laterally aligned Savonius wind turbines above a forward facing step. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 228:105112

doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105112
[39]

Oo NL, Zhao D, Sellier M, Liu X. 2023. Experimental investigation on turbulence effects on unsteady aerodynamics performances of two horizontally placed small-size UAV rotors. Aerospace Science and Technology 141:108535

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2023.108535
[40]

Seach Goh 1, Jörg Schlüter 2. 2016. Numerical simulation of a Savonius turbine above an infinite-width forward facing step. Wind Engineering 40(2):134−147

doi: 10.1177/0309524X15624619
[41]

Liu Y, Kan Z, Li H, Gao Y, Li D, et al. 2024. Analysis and modeling of the aerodynamic ceiling effect on small-scale propellers with tilted angles. Aerospace Science and Technology 147:109038

doi: 10.1016/j.ast.2024.109038
[42]

Thé J, Yu H. 2017. A critical review on the simulations of wind turbine aerodynamics focusing on hybrid RANS-LES methods. Energy 138:257−289

doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.028
[43]

Li C, Zhu S, Xu YL, Xiao Y. 2013. 2.5D large eddy simulation of vertical axis wind turbine in consideration of high angle of attack flow. Renewable Energy 51:317−330

doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.09.011
[44]

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 1997. A survey of theoretical and experimental coaxial rotor aerodynamic research . NASA Technical Reports: NASA-TP-3675. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA: NASA. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19970015550
[45]

Leishman JG, Syal M. 2008. Figure of merit definition for coaxial rotors. Journal of the American Helicopter Society 53(3):290

doi: 10.4050/jahs.53.290