[1]

Gruber N, Galloway JN. 2008. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature 451:293−296

doi: 10.1038/nature06592
[2]

Yan X, Shan J, Wang X, Wang B, Liu S, et al. 2025. Uncovering the soil nitrogen cycle from microbial pathways to global sustainability. Nitrogen Cycling 1:e002

doi: 10.48130/nc-0025-0005
[3]

Khalid B, Ikram M, Batool M, Ullah M, Wang X, et al. 2026. Optimizing nitrogen use in rapeseed systems: a global meta-analysis of yield gains and environmental trade-offs. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 24:100322

doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2026.100322
[4]

Schulte-Uebbing LF, Beusen AHW, Bouwman AF, de Vries W. 2022. From planetary to regional boundaries for agricultural nitrogen pollution. Nature 610:507−512

doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05158-2
[5]

Sutton MA, Oenema O, Erisman JW, Leip A, van Grinsven H, et al. 2011. Too much of a good thing. Nature 472:159−161

doi: 10.1038/472159a
[6]

Yan YG, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Xu M, Xu J, et al. 2025. Spatial divergence of nitrogen fate in China's wheat systems: a meta-analysis and machine-learning roadmap for region-specific management. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 22:100270

doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2025.100270
[7]

Sinha E, Michalak AM, Balaji V. 2017. Eutrophication will increase during the 21st century as a result of precipitation changes. Science 357:405−408

doi: 10.1126/science.aan2409
[8]

Liu HT, Hou JY, Deng M, Sun ZG. 2025. Characteristics and influencing factors of livestock residue nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter discharge and spatial distribution of pollution potential: case study in the Yellow River Delta, China. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 21:100225

doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2025.100225
[9]

Cheng M, Quan J, Yin J, Liu X, Yuan Z, et al. 2023. High-resolution maps of intensive and extensive livestock production in China. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 12:100104

doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100104
[10]

Bianchi TS, DiMarco SF, Cowan JH Jr, Hetland RD, Chapman P, et al. 2010. The science of hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: a review. Science of the Total Environment 408:1471−1484

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.047
[11]

Díaz RJ, Rosenberg R. 2011. Introduction to environmental and economic consequences of hypoxia. International Journal of Water Resources Development 27:71−82

doi: 10.1080/07900627.2010.531379
[12]

Chen X, Wang M, Kroeze C, Chen X, Ma L, et al. 2022. Nitrogen in the Yangtze River basin: pollution reduction through coupling crop and livestock production. Environmental Science & Technology 56:17591−17603

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08808
[13]

Gannon JP, Bailey SW, McGuire KJ. 2014. Organizing groundwater regimes and response thresholds by soils: a framework for understanding runoff generation in a headwater catchment. Water Resources Research 50:8403−8419

doi: 10.1002/2014WR015498
[14]

Vereecken H, Amelung W, Bauke SL, Bogena H, Brüggemann N, et al. 2022. Soil hydrology in the Earth system. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 3:573−587

doi: 10.1038/s43017-022-00324-6
[15]

Shen W, Li S, Mi M, Zhuang Y, Zhang L. 2021. What makes ditches and ponds more efficient in nitrogen control? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 314:107409

doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107409
[16]

Chen S. 2025. Study on spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and source partitioning of dissolved organic nitrogen in Poyang Lake. Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, China. doi: 10.27229/d.cnki.gnmnu.2025.001250

[17]

Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL. 2013. Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review. Annals of Applied Biology 162:145−173

doi: 10.1111/aab.12014
[18]

Biddau R, Dore E, Da Pelo S, Lorrai M, Botti P, et al. 2023. Geochemistry, stable isotopes and statistic tools to estimate threshold and source of nitrate in groundwater (Sardinia, Italy). Water Research 232:119663

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119663
[19]

Zanotti C, Rotiroti M, Fumagalli L, Stefania GA, Canonaco F, et al. 2019. Groundwater and surface water quality characterization through positive matrix factorization combined with GIS approach. Water Research 159:122−134

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.058
[20]

O’Brien D, Markiewicz-Keszycka M, Herron J. 2023. Environmental impact of grass-based cattle farms: a life cycle assessment of nature-based diversification scenarios. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 14:100126

doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2023.100126
[21]

Gassman PW, Reyes, MR, Green CH, Arnold JG. 2007. The soil and water assessment tool: historical development, applications, and future research directions. Transactions of the ASABE 50:1211−1250

doi: 10.13031/2013.23637
[22]

Davidson GR, Bassett RL. 1993. Application of boron isotopes for identifying contaminants such as fly ash leachate in groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology 27:172−176

doi: 10.1021/es00038a020
[23]

Ding Y, Song Z, Hu Y, Zhang S, Zhang M, et al. 2024. A review on curbing non-point source pollution in watershed − the answer lies at the root. Environment, Development and Sustainability 28(6):13819−13855

doi: 10.1007/s10668-024-05464-x
[24]

Lin B, Qi F, An X, Zhao C, Gao Y, et al. 2026. Review: the application of source analysis methods in tracing urban non-point source pollution: categorization, hotspots, and future prospects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31:23482−23504

doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-32602-9
[25]

Wang W, Chen L, Lin C, Liu Y, Dong X, et al. 2023. Source appointment at large-scale and ungauged catchment using physically-based model and dynamic export coefficient. Journal of Environmental Management 326:116842

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116842
[26]

Xia Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Yan X. 2017. Nitrate source apportionment using a combined dual isotope, chemical and bacterial property, and Bayesian model approach in river systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 122:2−14

doi: 10.1002/2016JG003447
[27]

Liu CQ, Li SL, Lang YC, Xiao HY. 2006. Using δ15N- and δ18O-values to identify nitrate sources in karst ground water, Guiyang, southwest China. Environmental Science & Technology 40:6928−6933

doi: 10.1021/es0610129
[28]

Yi Q, Chen Q, Hu L, Shi W. 2017. Tracking nitrogen sources, transformation, and transport at a basin scale with complex plain river networks. Environmental Science & Technology 51:5396−5403

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06278
[29]

Xue D, De Baets B, Van Cleemput O, Hennessy C, Berglund M, et al. 2012. Use of a Bayesian isotope mixing model to estimate proportional contributions of multiple nitrate sources in surface water. Environmental Pollution 161:43−49

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.033
[30]

Anisfeld SC, Barnes RT, Altabet MA, Wu T. 2007. Isotopic apportionment of atmospheric and sewage nitrogen sources in two Connecticut rivers. Environmental Science & Technology 41:6363−6369

doi: 10.1021/es070469v
[31]

Tan ML, Gassman PW, Yang X, Haywood J. 2020. A review of SWAT applications, performance and future needs for simulation of hydro-climatic extremes. Advances in Water Resources 143:103662

doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103662
[32]

Chen W, Wan Y, Guo Y, Ji G, Shi L. 2025. Predicting non-point source pollution in Henan province using the diffuse pollution estimation with remote sensing model with enhanced sensitivity analysis. Applied Sciences 15:2261

doi: 10.3390/app15052261
[33]

Zhang Y, He X, Lian G, Bai Y, Yang Y, et al. 2023. Monitoring and spatial traceability of river water quality using Sentinel-2 satellite images. Science of the Total Environment 894:164862

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164862
[34]

Panno SV, Hackley KC, Hwang HH, Kelly WR. 2001. Determination of the sources of nitrate contamination in karst springs using isotopic and chemical indicators. Chemical Geology 179:113−128

doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00318-7
[35]

Bassett RL, Buszka PM, Davidson GR, Chong-Diaz D. 1995. Identification of groundwater solute sources using boron isotopic composition. Environmental Science & Technology 29:2915−2922

doi: 10.1021/es00012a005
[36]

Ministry of Environmental Protection. 2002. Environmental quality standards for surface water. GB 3838. Ministry of Environmental Protection, China. www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.shtml

[37]

Seiler RL. 2005. Combined use of 15N and 18O of nitrate and 11B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater. Applied Geochemistry 20:1626−1636

doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.04.007
[38]

Lang YC, Liu CQ, Zhao ZQ, Li SL, Han GL. 2006. Geochemistry of surface and ground water in Guiyang, China: water/rock interaction and pollution in a karst hydrological system. Applied Geochemistry 21:887−903

doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.03.005
[39]

Widory D, Kloppmann W, Chery L, Bonnin J, Rochdi H, et al. 2004. Nitrate in groundwater: an isotopic multi-tracer approach. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 72:165−188

doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2003.10.010
[40]

Widory D, Petelet-Giraud E, Négrel P, Ladouche B. 2005. Tracking the sources of nitrate in groundwater using coupled nitrogen and boron isotopes: a synthesis. Environmental Science & Technology 39:539−548

doi: 10.1021/es0493897
[41]

Barth S. 1998. Application of boron isotopes for tracing sources of anthropogenic contamination in groundwater. Water Research 32:685−690

doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00251-0
[42]

Komor SC. 1997. Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota. Journal of Environmental Quality 26:1212−1222

doi: 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050004x
[43]

Vengosh A, Barth S, Heumann KG, Eisenhut S. 1999. Boron isotopic composition of freshwater lakes from central Europe and possible contamination sources. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 27:416−421

doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-401X(199912)27:6<416::AID-AHEH416>3.0.CO;2-2
[44]

Négrel P, Deschamps P. 1996. Natural and anthropogenic budgets of a small watershed in the massif central (France): chemical and strontium isotopic characterization of water and sediments. Aquatic Geochemistry 2:1−27

doi: 10.1007/BF00240851
[45]

Mariotti A, Landreau A, Simon B. 1988. 15N isotope biogeochemistry and natural denitrification process in groundwater: application to the chalk aquifer of northern France. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52:1869−1878

doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(88)90010-5
[46]

Crowther J, Kay D, Wyer MD. 2002. Faecal-indicator concentrations in waters draining lowland pastoral catchments in the UK: relationships with land use and farming practices. Water Research 36:1725−1734

doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00394-3
[47]

Soupir ML, Mostaghimi S, Yagow ER, Hagedorn C, Vaughan DH. 2006. Transport of fecal bacteria from poultry litter and cattle manures applied to pastureland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 169:125−136

doi: 10.1007/s11270-006-1808-x
[48]

Eckner KF. 1998. Comparison of membrane filtration and multiple-tube fermentation by the colilert and enterolert methods for detection of waterborne coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci used in drinking and bathing water quality monitoring in southern Sweden. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64:3079−3083

doi: 10.1128/AEM.64.8.3079-3083.1998
[49]

Gronewold AD, Wolpert RL. 2008. Modeling the relationship between most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal coliform concentration. Water Research 42:3327−3334

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.011
[50]

Kistemann T, Claßen T, Koch C, Dangendorf F, Fischeder R, et al. 2002. Microbial load of drinking water reservoir tributaries during extreme rainfall and runoff. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68:2188−2197

doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.5.2188-2197.2002
[51]

Arana I, Muela A, Orruño M, Seco C, Garaizabal I, et al. 2010. Effect of temperature and starvation upon survival strategies of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0: comparison with Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74:500−509

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00979.x
[52]

Pachepsky YA, Blaustein RA, Whelan G, Shelton DR. 2014. Comparing temperature effects on Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Enterococcus survival in surface waters. Letters in Applied Microbiology 59:278−283

doi: 10.1111/lam.12272
[53]

Pardo LH, Kendall C, Pett-Ridge J, Chang CCY. 2004. Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ15N and δ18O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA. Hydrological Processes 18:2699−2712

doi: 10.1002/hyp.5576
[54]

Townsend-Small A, McCarthy MJ, Brandes JA, Yang L, Zhang L, et al. 2007. Stable isotopic composition of nitrate in Lake Taihu, China, and major inflow rivers. Hydrobiologia 581:135−140

doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0505-5
[55]

Xue D, Botte J, De Baets B, Accoe F, Nestler A, et al. 2009. Present limitations and future prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identification in surface- and groundwater. Water Research 43:1159−1170

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.048
[56]

Chen F, Jia G, Chen J. 2009. Nitrate sources and watershed denitrification inferred from nitrate dual isotopes in the Beijiang River, south China. Biogeochemistry 94:163−174

doi: 10.1007/s10533-009-9316-x
[57]

Li SL, Liu CQ, Li J, Liu X, Chetelat B, et al. 2010. Assessment of the sources of nitrate in the Changjiang river, China using a nitrogen and oxygen isotopic approach. Environmental Science & Technology 44:1573−1578

doi: 10.1021/es902670n
[58]

Kellman LM, Hillaire-Marcel C. 2003. Evaluation of nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nitrate contamination sources in an agricultural watershed. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 95:87−102

doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00168-8
[59]

Kendall C. 1998. Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments. In Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology, ed. McDonnell JJ. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 519–576 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-81546-0.50023-9

[60]

Divers MT, Elliott EM, Bain DJ. 2014. Quantification of nitrate sources to an urban stream using dual nitrate isotopes. Environmental Science & Technology 48:10580−10587

doi: 10.1021/es404880j
[61]

Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S. 2005. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques − a case study. Analytica Chimica Acta 538:355−374

doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
[62]

Haji Gholizadeh M, Melesse AM, Reddi L. 2016. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources using APCS-MLR and PMF receptor modeling techniques in three major rivers of South Florida. Science of the Total Environment 566−567:1552−1567

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.046
[63]

Mao H, Wang G, Liao F, Shi Z, Zhang H, et al. 2023. Spatial variability of source contributions to nitrate in regional groundwater based on the positive matrix factorization and Bayesian model. Journal of Hazardous Materials 445:130569

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130569
[64]

Johnes PJ. 1996. Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters: the export coefficient modelling approach. Journal of Hydrology 183:323−349

doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(95)02951-6
[65]

Vassiljev A, Blinova I, Ennet P. 2008. Source apportionment of nutrients in Estonian rivers. Desalination 226:222−230

doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.108
[66]

Yuan Z, Pang Y, Gao J, Liu X, Sheng H, et al. 2021. Improving quantification of rainfall runoff pollutant loads with consideration of path curb and field ridge. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 6:100042

doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2021.100042
[67]

Minet EP, Goodhue R, Meier-Augenstein W, Kalin RM, Fenton O, et al. 2017. Combining stable isotopes with contamination indicators: a method for improved investigation of nitrate sources and dynamics in aquifers with mixed nitrogen inputs. Water Research 124:85−96

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.041
[68]

Panno SV, Hackley KC, Kelly WR, Hwang HH. 2006. Isotopic evidence of nitrate sources and denitrification in the Mississippi River, Illinois. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:495−504

doi: 10.2134/jeq2005.0012
[69]

Fukada T, Hiscock KM, Dennis PF, Grischek T. 2003. A dual isotope approach to identify denitrification in groundwater at a river-bank infiltration site. Water Research 37:3070−3078

doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00176-3
[70]

Zhang L, Hu Y, Wang J, Zhang M. 2021. Effects of fertilization on the composition of δ15N in soil, vegetables and runoff of vegetable field. Journal of Agriculture 11:28−31

doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20190900203
[71]

Parnell AC, Inger R, Bearhop S, Jackson AL. 2010. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation. PLoS One 5:e9672

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009672
[72]

Sun C, Chen L, Liu HB, Zhu H, Lü MQ, et al. 2021. New modeling framework for describing the pollutant transport and removal of ditch-pond system in an agricultural catchment. Water Resources Research 57:e2021WR031077

doi: 10.1029/2021WR031077
[73]

Young RA, Onstad CA, Bosch DD, Anderson WP. 1989. AGNPS: a nonpoint-source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44:168−173

doi: 10.1080/00224561.1989.12456304
[74]

Abbaspour KC, Rouholahnejad E, Vaghefi S, Srinivasan R, Yang H, et al. 2015. A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model. Journal of Hydrology 524:733−752

doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.027
[75]

Adu JT, Kumarasamy MV. 2018. Assessing non-point source pollution models: a review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27:1913−1922

doi: 10.15244/pjoes/76497
[76]

Zhuang Y, Liu X, Yuan Z, Sheng H, Gao J. 2023. A process-based model to track water pollutant generation at high resolution and its pathway to discharge. Water Resources Research 59:e2023WR034738

doi: 10.1029/2023WR034738
[77]

Fang S, Deitch MJ, Gebremicael TG, Angelini C, Ortals CJ. 2024. Identifying critical source areas of non-point source pollution to enhance water quality: integrated SWAT modeling and multi-variable statistical analysis to reveal key variables and thresholds. Water Research 253:121286

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121286
[78]

Zhu D, Cheng X, Li W, Niu F, Nayeb Yazdi M. 2023. Estimating the impact of temperature and streamflow change on river nitrogen pollution using the land-river integrated modeling system. Journal of Hydrology 626:130190

doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130190
[79]

Boithias L, Srinivasan R, Sauvage S, Macary F, Sánchez-Pérez JM. 2014. Daily nitrate losses: implication on long-term river quality in an intensive agricultural catchment of Southwestern France. Journal of Environmental Quality 43:46−54

doi: 10.2134/jeq2011.0367
[80]

Xue J, Wang Q, Zhang M. 2022. A review of non-point source water pollution modeling for the urban–rural transitional areas of China: research status and prospect. Science of the Total Environment 826:154146

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154146
[81]

Alexander RB, Smith RA, Schwarz GE, Boyer EW, Nolan JV, et al. 2008. Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi river basin. Environmental Science & Technology 42:822−830

doi: 10.1021/es0716103
[82]

Xia Y, Zhao D, Yan X, Hu W, Qiu J, et al. 2023. A new framework to model the distributed transfer and retention of nutrients by incorporating topology structure of small water bodies. Water Research 238:119991

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119991
[83]

Beusen AHW, Van Beek LPH, Bouwman AF, Mogollón JM, Middelburg JJ. 2015. Coupling global models for hydrology and nutrient loading to simulate nitrogen and phosphorus retention in surface water – description of IMAGE–GNM and analysis of performance. Geoscientific Model Development 8:4045−4067

doi: 10.5194/gmd-8-4045-2015
[84]

Huang X, Yang X, Xie Y, Zhang H, Lu N, et al. 2025. Pathway-specific nitrogen export across a rural-urban gradient: integrating hydrograph separation and end-member mixing analysis. Nitrogen Cycling 1:e006

doi: 10.48130/nc-0025-0006
[85]

Husic A, Fox J, Adams E, Pollock E, Ford W, et al. 2020. Quantification of nitrate fate in a karst conduit using stable isotopes and numerical modeling. Water Research 170:115348

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115348
[86]

Husic A, Fox J, Adams E, Ford W, Agouridis C, et al. 2019. Nitrate pathways, processes, and timing in an agricultural karst system: development and application of a numerical model. Water Resources Research 55:2079−2103

doi: 10.1029/2018WR023703
[87]

Husic A, Fox J, Mahoney T, Gerlitz M, Pollock E, et al. 2020. Optimal transport for assessing nitrate source-pathway connectivity. Water Resources Research 56:e2020WR027446

doi: 10.1029/2020WR027446
[88]

Hao Z, Shi Y, Zhan X, Yu B, Fan Q, et al. 2024. Quantifying and assessing nitrogen sources and transport in a megacity water supply watershed: insights for effective non-point source pollution management with mixSIAR and SWAT models. Agricultural Water Management 291:108621

doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108621
[89]

Chen R, Shen W, Tong C, Guo J, Yang L, et al. 2024. Contrasting nitrogen transport patterns in subtropical basins revealed by combined multiple isotopic analyzes and hydrological simulations. Water Research 262:122058

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122058
[90]

Park M, Kim HM, Kim Y, Bak S, Kim TY, et al. 2024. A framework for detecting and managing non-point-source pollution in agricultural areas using GeoAI and UAVs. Drones 8:786

doi: 10.3390/drones8120786
[91]

Redoloza FS, Williamson TN, Headman AO, Allred BJ. 2023. Machine-learning model to delineate sub-surface agricultural drainage from satellite imagery. Journal of Environmental Quality 52:907−921

doi: 10.1002/jeq2.20493
[92]

Miller MP, Tesoriero AJ, Hood K, Terziotti S, Wolock DM. 2017. Estimating discharge and nonpoint source nitrate loading to streams from three end-member pathways using high-frequency water quality data. Water Resources Research 53:10201−10216

doi: 10.1002/2017WR021654
[93]

Wang J, Li X, Li Y, Shi Y, Xiao H, et al. 2024. Transport pathways of nitrate in stormwater runoff inferred from high-frequency sampling and stable water isotopes. Environmental Science & Technology 58:17026−17035

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02495.s001
[94]

Scholten C, Kottari M, Puerta Pereira J, Erven C, Garcia Gutierrez J, et al. 2025. The future of water availability and use in the EU: a foresight study and policy options to address water scarcity. European Union, Brussels, Belgium. www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_STU(2025)765769