| [1] |
Konovalov D, Adams TA. 2026. Hydrogen power development: a comparative review of national strategies and the role of energy in scaling green hydrogen. |
| [2] |
Bakenne A, Nuttall W, Kazantzis N. 2016. Sankey-Diagram-based insights into the hydrogen economy of today. |
| [3] |
Nikolaidis P, Poullikkas A. 2017. A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. |
| [4] |
Liu Z, Wang H, Blackbourn G, Ma F, He Z, et al. 2019. Heavy oils and oil sands: global distribution and resource assessment. |
| [5] |
He H, Tang J, Zheng H, Liu P, Li Q, et al. 2023. A novel equation for the air injection and oil production during fire-flooding process based on experimental study in developing heavy oil reservoir. |
| [6] |
He H, Han Y, Guo Y, Tang J, Liu P. 2026. Experimental study on in-situ hydrogen generation from heavy oil: Multi-path conversion and synergistic effect. |
| [7] |
Hanfi MA, Alade OS, Tanimu A, Mahmoud M, Alarifi SA. 2024. Catalytic and noncatalytic in situ hydrogen production from heavy oil: a review of experimental studies. |
| [8] |
Ifticene MA, Yan K, Yuan Q. 2023. Fueling a carbon-zero future: Igniting hydrogen production from petroleum reservoirs via in-situ combustion gasification. |
| [9] |
Ifticene MA, Yan K, Yuan Q. 2024. Governing chemical reactions and mechanisms of hydrogen generation during in-situ combustion gasification of heavy oil. |
| [10] |
Salahshoor S, Afzal S. 2022. Subsurface technologies for hydrogen production from fossil fuel resources: a review and techno-economic analysis. |
| [11] |
Kapadia PR, Kallos MS, Gates ID. 2015. A review of pyrolysis, aquathermolysis, and oxidation of Athabasca bitumen. |
| [12] |
Clark PD, Hyne JB, Tyrer JD. 1983. Chemistry of organosulphur compound types occurring in heavy oil sands. |
| [13] |
Gillick SR, Babaei M. 2024. In-situ hydrogen production from natural gas wells with subsurface carbon retention. |
| [14] |
Guo Z, Wang S, Bai D. 2023. Engineering thermochemistry: The science critical for the paradigm shift toward carbon neutrality. |
| [15] |
Speight JG. 1970. Thermal cracking of Athabasca bitumen, Athabasca asphaltenes, and Athabasca deasphalted heavy oil. |
| [16] |
Chu Z, Li Y, Zhang C, Fang Y, Zhao J. 2023. A review on resource utilization of oil sludge based on pyrolysis and gasification. |
| [17] |
Yang S, Huang S, Jiang Q, Yu C, Zhou X. 2022. Experimental study of hydrogen generation from in-situ heavy oil gasification. |
| [18] |
Tang X, Pu W, Chen Q, Liu R, Yang Y. 2024. An experimental investigation on hydrogen generation from in-situ gasification by pyrolysis. |
| [19] |
Li J, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Qiao P. 2022. Research on the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of two typical inferior heavy oils. |
| [20] |
Phillips CR, Haidar NI, Poon YC. 1985. Kinetic models for the thermal cracking of Athabasca bitumen: The effect of the sand matrix. |
| [21] |
Wang J, Anthony EJ. 2003. A study of thermal-cracking behavior of asphaltenes. |
| [22] |
He M, Wang Z, Moldowan MJ, Peters K. 2022. Insights into catalytic effects of clay minerals on hydrocarbon composition of generated liquid products during oil cracking from laboratory pyrolysis experiments. |
| [23] |
Luo C, Liu H, Hassanzadeh H, Zhou S. 2025. In-Situ Hydrogen Generation through Heavy Oil Pyrolysis Catalyzed by Clay Minerals. |
| [24] |
Gentzis T, Rahimi P, Malhotra R, Hirschon AS. 2001. The effect of carbon additives on the mesophase induction period of Athabasca bitumen. |
| [25] |
Schabron JF, Pauli AT, Rovani JF. 2002. Residua coke formation predictability maps. |
| [26] |
Wang Y, Zhou Y, Fan S, Lang X, Li G. 2022. Influence of low temperature oxidation on heavy oil coking by thermal pyrolysis during in situ combustion process. |
| [27] |
Xiong QA, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Li J, Zhang W. 2022. Fundamental study of the integrated process of heavy oil pyrolysis and coke gasification. Part I: Effect of CO and H2 in syngas atmosphere on heavy oil pyrolysis. |
| [28] |
Han Y, He H, Zheng H, Li Q. 2025. New insights into experimental understanding and simulation of the ultra-heavy oil pyrolysis. |
| [29] |
Hayashitani M, Bennion DW, Donnelly JK, Moore RG. 1978. Thermal cracking models for athabasca oil sands oil. Proc. SPE Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 1978. Richardson: Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE 7549-MS doi: 10.2118/7549-MS |
| [30] |
Lin CY, Chen WH, Culham WE. 1987. New kinetic models for thermal cracking of crude oils in in-situ combustion processes. |
| [31] |
Ma Y, Li S. 2010. Study of the characteristics and kinetics of oil sand pyrolysis. |
| [32] |
Liu Y, Yu C, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Fan Z, et al. 2025. Kinetic modeling of in-situ hydrogen generation from bitumen and its influencing factors and mechanisms study. |
| [33] |
Belgrave JDM, Moore RG, Ursenbach MG, Bennion DW. 1993. A comprehensive approach to in-situ combustion modeling. |
| [34] |
Yang X, Gates ID. 2009. Combustion kinetics of athabasca bitumen from 1D combustion tube experiments. |
| [35] |
Kapadia PR, Kallos MS, Gates ID. 2013. A new kinetic model for pyrolysis of Athabasca bitumen. |
| [36] |
Ganji MJZ, Ghassemi H. 2024. Heavy fuel oil pyrolysis: a family of practical kinetic reaction models supported by TGA. |
| [37] |
He H, Gong Y, Peng M, Zheng H, Feng T, et al. 2025. Study on mechanism of in-situ hydrogen generation based on molecular dynamics simulation from pyrolysis of heavy oil. |
| [38] |
Kang Z, Huang D, Zhao J, Fan S, Yang D, et al. 2025. Hydrogen transfer and reaction mechanism during in-situ pyrolysis of Fushun oil shale with steam injection. |
| [39] |
Tirado A, Félix G, Lugo-Medina E, Varfolomeev MA, Ancheyta J. 2026. Role of water as a hydrogen-donor in hydrothermal upgrading of unconventional oils: mechanistic insights from deuterium labeling. |
| [40] |
Belgrave JDM, Moore RG, Ursenbach MG. 1994. Gas evolution from the aquathermolysis of heavy oils. |
| [41] |
Song G, Zhou T, Cheng L, Wang Y, Tian G, et al. 2009. Aquathermolysis of conventional heavy oil with superheated steam. |
| [42] |
Huang S, Cao M, Cheng L. 2018. Experimental study on aquathermolysis of different viscosity heavy oil with superheated steam. |
| [43] |
Al-Muntaser AA, Varfolomeev MA, Suwaid MA, Yuan C, Chemodanov AE, et al. 2020. Hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of water at sub-critical, near-critical and supercritical conditions. |
| [44] |
Tang X, Pu W, Chen Q, Liu R, Yang Y. 2023. A comprehensive study on kinetics for hydrogen generation from aquathermolysis gasification of heavy crude oil. |
| [45] |
Belgrave JDM, Moore RG, Ursenbach MG. 1997. Comprehensive kinetic models for the aquathermolysis of heavy oils. |
| [46] |
Fan H, Zhang Y, Lin Y. 2004. The catalytic effects of minerals on aquathermolysis of heavy oils. |
| [47] |
Chen Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Xia F. 2008. Laboratory experiments and field tests of an amphiphilic metallic chelate for catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil. |
| [48] |
Yi Y, Li S, Ding F, Yu H. 2009. Change of asphaltene and resin properties after catalytic aquathermolysis. |
| [49] |
Chen Y, Wang Y, Lu J, Wu C. 2009. The viscosity reduction of nano-keggin-K3PMo12O40 in catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil. |
| [50] |
Wang Y, Chen Y, He J, Li P, Yang C. 2010. Mechanism of catalytic aquathermolysis: influences on heavy oil by two types of efficient catalytic ions: Fe3+ and Mo6+. |
| [51] |
Zhang X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Che H. 2010. Effects of reservoir minerals and chemical agents on aquathermolysis of heavy oil during steam injection. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology 12:25−31 |
| [52] |
Zhao F, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zhao X, Tan L. 2012. Study of catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil in the presence of a hydrogen donor. |
| [53] |
Lyubimenko VA, Petrukhina NN, Tumanyan BP, Kolesnikov IM. 2012. Thermodynamic parameters of conversion reactions of some heavy oil components under the action of steam and heat. |
| [54] |
Chao K, Chen Y, Liu H, Zhang X, Li J. 2012. Laboratory experiments and field test of a difunctional catalyst for catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil. |
| [55] |
Djimasbe R, Ilyasov IR, Kwofie M, Khelkhal MA, Emelianov DA, et al. 2022. Direct hydrogen production from extra-heavy crude oil under supercritical water conditions using a catalytic (Ni-co/Al2O3) upgrading process. |
| [56] |
Katnov V, Khelkhal MA, Trubitsina S, Kiselev I, Galiakhmetova L, et al. 2026. In-situ upgrading of heavy oil via aquathermolysis using metallic sodium nanosuspension: Thermal treatment optimization and mechanistic investigation. |
| [57] |
Fan H, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhao X. 2002. The study on composition changes of heavy oils during steam stimulation processes. |
| [58] |
Dong L, Liu YJ, Xu KM, Zhao FJ, Liu WW, et al. 2013. Laboratory experiment research and field tests on catalyst of aquathermolysis of heavy oils. |
| [59] |
Zhang X, Che H, Liu Y. 2021. Enhanced aquathermolysis of extra-heavy oil by application of transition metal oxides submicro-particles in relation to steam injection processes. |
| [60] |
Al-Muntaser AA, Varfolomeev MA, Suwaid MA, Feoktistov DA, Yuan C, et al. 2021. Hydrogen donating capacity of water in catalytic and non-catalytic aquathermolysis of extra-heavy oil: Deuterium tracing study. |
| [61] |
Muraza O, Galadima A. 2015. Aquathermolysis of heavy oil: A review and perspective on catalyst development. |
| [62] |
Lamoureux-Var V, Lorant F. 2005. Experimental evaluation of H2S yields in reservoir rocks submitted to steam injection. Proc. 13th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Budapest, 2005. Bunnik: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers. cp-12 doi: 10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.12.D08 |
| [63] |
Kapadia PR, Wang J, Kallos MS, Gates ID. 2012. New thermal-reactive reservoir engineering model predicts hydrogen sulfide generation in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. |
| [64] |
Huang S, Cao M, Huang Q, Liu B, Jiang J. 2019. Study on reaction equations of heavy oil aquathermolysis with superheated steam. |
| [65] |
Zhang J, Han F, Yang Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang X, et al. 2020. Significance of aquathermolysis reaction on heavy oil recovery during the steam-assisted gravity drainage process. |
| [66] |
Huang S, Huang Q, Liu H, Cheng L, Fan Z, et al. 2017. A modified model for aquathermolysis and its application in numerical simulation. |
| [67] |
Tirado A, Yuan C, Varfolomeev MA, Ancheyta J. 2022. Kinetic modeling of aquathermolysis for upgrading of heavy oils. |
| [68] |
Xu J, Wang N, Xue S, Zhang H, Zhang J, et al. 2022. Insights into the mechanism during viscosity reduction process of heavy oil through molecule simulation. |
| [69] |
Cherif A, Duncan IJ. 2025. Improvement of hydrogen production during in-situ combustion of hydrocarbons using CaO nanoparticles: Enabling subsurface decarbonization and desulfurization. |
| [70] |
Moore RG, Laureshen CJ, Belgrave JDM, Ursenbach MG, Raj Mehta SA. 1995. In situ combustion in Canadian heavy oil reservoirs. |
| [71] |
Yuan C, Emelianov DA, Varfolomeev MA. 2018. Oxidation behavior and kinetics of light, medium, and heavy crude oils characterized by thermogravimetry coupled with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. |
| [72] |
Moore RG, Belgrave JDM, Mehta R, Ursenbach M, Laureshen CJ, Xi K. 1992. Some insights into the low-temperature and high-temperature in-situ combustion kinetics. Proc. SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1992. SPE-24174-MS. Richardson: Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/24174-MS |
| [73] |
Johnson LA Jr, Fahy LJ, Romanowski LJ, Barbour RV, Thomas KP. 1980. An echoing in-situ combustion oil recovery project in a utah tar sand. |
| [74] |
Hajdo LE, Hallam RJ, Vorndran LDL. 1985. Hydrogen generation during in-situ combustion. Proc. SPE California Regional Meeting, Bakersfield, California, 1985. Richardson: Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 675–689 doi: 10.2118/13661-MS |
| [75] |
Hallam RJ, Hajdo LE, Donnelly JK, Baron PR. 1989. Thermal recovery of bitumen at wolf lake. |
| [76] |
Ayasse C, Bloomer C, Lyngberg E, Boddy W, Donnelly J, Greaves M. 2005. First field pilot of the THAI process. Proc. Petroleum Society’s 6th Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2005. Calgary: Petroleum Society. PETSOC-2005-142 doi: 10.2118/2005-142 |
| [77] |
Anbari H, Robinson JP, Greaves M, Rigby SP. 2023. Field performance and numerical simulation study on the toe to heel air injection (THAI) process in a heavy oil reservoir with bottom water. |
| [78] |
Yan YQ, Li Y, Peng XQ, Guo SH, Qi SC, et al. 2022. Study on the technique of flue-gas detection and combustion state identification of in-situ combustion process. |
| [79] |
He H, Li Q, Tang J, Liu P, Zheng H, Zhao F, et al. 2023. Study of hydrogen generation from heavy oil gasification based on ramped temperature oxidation experiments. |
| [80] |
Okere CJ, Sheng JJ. 2024. Probing the mechanism and impact of light oil oxidation on in situ hydrogen production from petroleum reservoirs: a combined SARA-based experimental and numerical investigation. |
| [81] |
Pu W, Tang X, Li L, Liu R, Yang Y. 2024. Experimental investigation on in-situ hydrogen generation from depleted heavy oil reservoir by gasification. |
| [82] |
Zhao R, Wang T, Ren H, Jiang N, Li X, et al. 2024. A strategy for enhanced hydrogen generation: The effect of varying atmospheres on in-situ gasification in heavy oil reservoirs. |
| [83] |
Pu W, Fan H, Du D, Zhao S, Liu Z, et al. 2023. High pressure air injection in ultra-low permeability reservoirs: Effects of physical and chemical reactions on oil recovery. |
| [84] |
Jin X, Li T, Pu W, Bai Y, Zhao S, et al. 2025. Experimental study on the effect of mineral on hydrogen production from heavy oil in-situ combustion gasification. |
| [85] |
Afanasev P, Smirnov A, Ulyanova A, Popov E, Cheremisin A. 2023. Experimental study of catalytically enhanced cyclic steam-air stimulation for in situ hydrogen generation and heavy oil upgrading. |
| [86] |
Rathi N, Das T. 2025. Exploring biomass pyrolysis for sustainable hydrogen-rich gas production. |
| [87] |
Stipanov J. 1999. A kinetic model of the hydrocarbon fraction reactions during the low- and high-temperature oxidation of Athabasca bitumen. Thesis. University of Calgary, Canada. pp. 186–192 |
| [88] |
Kapadia PR, Kallos MS, Gates ID. 2011. Potential for hydrogen generation from in situ combustion of Athabasca bitumen. |
| [89] |
Kapadia PR, Wang JJ, Kallos MS, Gates ID. 2013. Practical process design for in situ gasification of bitumen. |
| [90] |
Perkins G. 2018. Mathematical modelling of in situ combustion and gasification. |
| [91] |
Ikpeka PM, Ugwu JO. 2023. In situ hydrogen production from hydrocarbon reservoirs - modelling study. |
| [92] |
Song P, Li Y, Yin Z, Ifticene MA, Yuan Q. 2024. Simulation of hydrogen generation via in-situ combustion gasification of heavy oil. |
| [93] |
Okere CJ, Sheng JJ. 2025. Can hydrogen be produced cost-effectively from heavy oil reservoirs? |
| [94] |
Hamdy M, El-Adawy M, Nemitallah MA. 2025. Optimizing in-situ combustion gasification for enhanced clean hydrogen production with in-situ CO2 sequestration. |
| [95] |
Ifticene MA, Yuan Q. 2025. Numerical modeling of in-situ hydrogen production via cyclic air-steam injection in heavy oil reservoirs. |
| [96] |
Okere CJ, Sheng JJ. 2025. Optimizing hydrogen generation from petroleum reservoirs: a dual-perspective approach for enhancing efficiency and cleaner production. |
| [97] |
Song P, Li Y, Ifticene MA, Yuan Q. 2026. Hydrogen production via in-situ combustion gasification: Insights from lab-scale modeling assisted by machine learning. |