[1]

Guenther A, Tachinardi P, Valentinuzzi VS, Sobrero R, Eberhardt AT, et al. 2025. Seasonality in reproduction and reproductive physiology of caviomorphs. Mammal Review 55(3):e12383

doi: 10.1111/mam.12383
[2]

Liddle TA, Stevenson TJ, Majumdar G. 2022. Photoperiodic regulation of avian physiology: from external coincidence to seasonal reproduction. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 337(9−10):890−901

doi: 10.1002/jez.2604
[3]

Majumdar G, Liddle TA, Stewart C, Marshall CJ, Bain M, et al. 2023. Fshβ links photoperiodic signaling to seasonal reproduction in japanese quail. Elife 12:RP87751

doi: 10.7554/eLife.87751
[4]

van Rosmalen L, van Dalum J, Appenroth D, Roodenrijs RTM, de Wit L, et al. 2021. Mechanisms of temperature modulation in mammalian seasonal timing. The FASEB Journal 35(5):e21605

doi: 10.1096/fj.202100162r
[5]

Chen J, Okimura K, Yoshimura T. 2020. Light and hormones in seasonal regulation of reproduction and mood. Endocrinology 161(9):bqaa130

doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa130
[6]

Hess RA, Cooke PS, Hofmann MC, Murphy KM. 2006. Mechanistic insights into the regulation of the spermatogonial stem cell niche. Cell Cycle 5(11):1164−1170

doi: 10.4161/cc.5.11.2775
[7]

Vander PB, Correa SM. 2025. Biological mechanisms balancing torpor and reproduction in mammals. Endocrinology 166(11):bqaf141

doi: 10.1210/endocr/bqaf141
[8]

Young KA, Nelson RJ. 2001. Mediation of seasonal testicular regression by apoptosis. Reproduction 122(5):677−685

doi: 10.1530/rep.0.1220677
[9]

Li L, Lin W, Wang Z, Huang R, Xia H, et al. 2024. Hormone regulation in testicular development and function. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(11):5805

doi: 10.3390/ijms25115805
[10]

Wang YJ, Jia GX, Yan RG, Guo SC, Tian F, et al. 2019. Testosterone-retinoic acid signaling directs spermatogonial differentiation and seasonal spermatogenesis in the Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Theriogenology 123:74−82

doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.033
[11]

Clauss M, Zerbe P, Bingaman Lackey L, Codron D, Müller DWH. 2021. Basic considerations on seasonal breeding in mammals including their testing by comparing natural habitats and zoos. Mammalian Biology 101(4):373−386

doi: 10.1007/s42991-020-00078-y
[12]

Nakane Y, Yoshimura T. 2019. Photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in vertebrates. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7:173−194

doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115216
[13]

Ikegami K, Yoshimura T. 2016. Comparative analysis reveals the underlying mechanism of vertebrate seasonal reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology 227:64−68

doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.009
[14]

Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM. 2007. Evolution of animal photoperiodism. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38:1−25

doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110115
[15]

Henningsen JB, Gauer F, Simonneaux V. 2016. RFRP neurons–the doorway to understanding seasonal reproduction in mammals. Frontiers in Endocrinology 7:36

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00036
[16]

Stevenson TJ, Liddle TA, Stewart C, Marshall CJ, Majumdar G. 2022. Neural programming of seasonal physiology in birds and mammals: a modular perspective. Hormones and Behavior 142:105153

doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105153
[17]

An K, Tan Y, Yang K, Kang Y, Liu P, et al. 2025. Androgen-induced ferroptosis regulates seasonal testicular regression: insights into adaptive mechanisms of seasonal breeding. BMC Genomics 26(1):644

doi: 10.1186/s12864-025-11770-z
[18]

Beltran-Frutos E, Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G. 2022. Seasonal reproduction and gonadal function: a focus on humans starting from animal studies. Biology of Reproduction 106(1):47−57

doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab199
[19]

Smith JT, Clay CM, Caraty A, Clarke IJ. 2007. KiSS-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the hypothalamus of the ewe is regulated by sex steroids and season. Endocrinology 148(3):1150−1157

doi: 10.1210/en.2006-1435
[20]

Yao B, Tan Y, An K, Kang Y, Hou Q, et al. 2023. Seasonal patterns of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the testes of plateau zokors (Eospalax baileyi). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 48:101143

doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101143
[21]

Tang F, Barbacioru C, Wang Y, Nordman E, Lee C, et al. 2009. mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome analysis of a single cell. Nature Methods 6(5):377−382

doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1315
[22]

Grive KJ, Hu Y, Shu E, Grimson A, Elemento O, et al. 2019. Dynamic transcriptome profiles within spermatogonial and spermatocyte populations during postnatal testis maturation revealed by single-cell sequencing. PLoS Genetics 15(3):e1007810

doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007810
[23]

Yang Y, Zhou Y, Wessel G, Hu W, Xu D. 2024. Single-cell transcriptomes reveal spermatogonial stem cells and the dynamic heterogeneity of spermatogenesis in a seasonal breeding teleost. Development 151(22):dev203142

doi: 10.1242/dev.203142
[24]

Akbari G, Babaei M, Kianifard D, Mohebi D. 2018. The gross anatomy of the male reproductive system of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus). Folia Morphologica 77(1):36−43

doi: 10.5603/fm.a2017.0056
[25]

Setchell BP. 2018. The effects of heat on the testes of mammals. Animal Reproduction 3(2):81−91

[26]

Denisenko E, Guo BB, Jones M, Hou R, de Kock L, et al. 2020. Systematic assessment of tissue dissociation and storage biases in single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq workflows. Genome Biology 21(1):130

doi: 10.1186/s13059-020-02048-6
[27]

Rousselle TV, McDaniels JM, Shetty AC, Bardhi E, Maluf DG, et al. 2022. An optimized protocol for single nuclei isolation from clinical biopsies for RNA-seq. Scientific Reports 12:9851

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14099-9
[28]

Nadelmann ER, Gorham JM, Reichart D, Delaughter DM, Wakimoto H, et al. 2021. Isolation of nuclei from mammalian cells and tissues for single-nucleus molecular profiling. Current Protocols 1(5):e132

doi: 10.1002/cpz1.132
[29]

Krishnaswami SR, Grindberg RV, Novotny M, Venepally P, Lacar B, et al. 2016. Using single nuclei for RNA-seq to capture the transcriptome of postmortem neurons. Nature Protocols 11(3):499−524

doi: 10.1038/nprot.2016.015
[30]

Waag R, Bohacek J. 2023. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in brain tissue. Current Protocols 3(11):e919

doi: 10.1002/cpz1.919
[31]

Guo Y, Wang W, Ye K, He L, Ge Q, et al. 2023. Single-nucleus RNA-seq: open the era of great navigation for FFPE tissue. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(18):13744

doi: 10.3390/ijms241813744
[32]

Maitra M, Nagy C, Chawla A, Wang YC, Nascimento C, et al. 2021. Extraction of nuclei from archived postmortem tissues for single-nucleus sequencing applications. Nature Protocols 16(6):2788−2801

doi: 10.1038/s41596-021-00514-4
[33]

Minati MA, Fages A, Dauguet N, Zhu J, Jacquemin P. 2023. Optimized nucleus isolation protocol from frozen mouse tissues for single nucleus RNA sequencing application. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 11:1243863

doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1243863
[34]

Giannone AA, Sellitto C, Rosati B, McKinnon D, White TW. 2023. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the early postnatal mouse lens epithelium. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 64(13):37

doi: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.37
[35]

Hao Y, Hao S, Andersen-Nissen E, Mauck WM III, Zheng S, et al. 2021. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell 184(13):3573−3587.e29

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.048
[36]

Aran D, Looney AP, Liu L, Wu E, Fong V, et al. 2019. Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage. Nature Immunology 20(2):163−172

doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0276-y
[37]

Crow M, Paul A, Ballouz S, Huang ZJ, Gillis J. 2018. Characterizing the replicability of cell types defined by single cell RNA-sequencing data using MetaNeighbor. Nature Communications 9:884

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03282-0
[38]

Yu G, Wang LG, Han Y, He QY. 2012. clusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 16(5):284−287

doi: 10.1089/omi.2011.0118
[39]

Stuart T, Butler A, Hoffman P, Hafemeister C, Papalexi E, et al. 2019. Comprehensive integration of single-cell data. Cell 177(7):1888−1902.e21

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.031
[40]

Trapnell C, Cacchiarelli D, Grimsby J, Pokharel P, Li S, et al. 2014. The dynamics and regulators of cell fate decisions are revealed by pseudotemporal ordering of single cells. Nature Biotechnology 32(4):381−386

doi: 10.1038/nbt.2859
[41]

Cao J, Spielmann M, Qiu X, Huang X, Ibrahim DM, et al. 2019. The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis. Nature 566(7745):496−502

doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0969-x
[42]

Jiang S, Li H, Zhang L, Mu W, Zhang Y, et al. 2025. Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): a comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics. Nucleic Acids Research 53(D1):D1670−D1676

doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae973
[43]

Fu G, Casas J, Rigaud S, Rybakin V, Lambolez F, et al. 2013. Themis sets the signal threshold for positive and negative selection in T-cell development. Nature 504(7480):441−445

doi: 10.1038/nature12718
[44]

Chen Y, Chen Y, Yin W, Han H, Miller H, et al. 2021. The regulation of DOCK family proteins on T and B cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 109(2):383−394

doi: 10.1002/JLB.1MR0520-221RR
[45]

Calvo JA, Meira LB, Lee CI, Moroski-Erkul CA, Abolhassani N, et al. 2012. DNA repair is indispensable for survival after acute inflammation. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 122(7):2680−2689

doi: 10.1172/JCI63338
[46]

Subramanian M, Shaha C. 2007. Up-regulation of bcl-2 through ERK phosphorylation is associated with human macrophage survival in an estrogen microenvironment. The Journal of Immunology 179(4):2330−2338

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2330
[47]

Chen J, Wu Q, Berglund AE, MacAulay RJ, Mulé JJ, et al. 2025. RNF135 expression marks chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-enriched macrophage–tumor interactions in the glioblastoma microenvironment. Cancers 17(19):3271

doi: 10.3390/cancers17193271
[48]

Dec P, Plewa P, Kubisa A, Pawlik A. 2025. The role of fc-like receptor 3 in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes 16(11):1318

doi: 10.3390/genes16111318
[49]

Maynard RD, Godfrey DA, Medina-Gomez C, Ackert-Bicknell CL. 2018. Characterization of expression and alternative splicing of the gene cadherin-like and PC esterase domain containing 1 (Cped1). Gene 674:127−133

doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.060
[50]

Fan C, Huang X, Mei J, Shi X, Zhang H, et al. 2025. Macrophages form dendrite-like pseudopods to enhance bacterial ingestion. The EMBO Journal 44(17):6

doi: 10.1038/s44318-025-00515-z
[51]

Jin C, Yan K, Wang M, Song W, Wang B, et al. 2024. Dissecting the dynamic cellular transcriptional atlas of adult teleost testis development throughout the annual reproductive cycle. Development 151(20):dev202296

doi: 10.1242/dev.202296
[52]

Massoud D, Lao-Pérez M, Hurtado A, Abdo W, Palomino-Morales R, et al. 2018. Germ cell desquamation-based testis regression in a seasonal breeder, the Egyptian long-eared hedgehog, Hemiechinus auritus. PLoS One 13(10):e0204851

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204851
[53]

Ren F, Xi H, Qiao P, Li Y, Xian M, et al. 2022. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals male germ cells and Sertoli cells developmental patterns in dairy goats. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10:944325

doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.944325
[54]

Yu XW, Li TT, Du XM, Shen QY, Zhang MF, et al. 2021. Single-cell rna sequencing reveals atlas of dairy goat testis cells. Zoological Research 42(4):401−405

doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.373
[55]

Tian Y, Sun P, Liu WX, Shan LY, Hu YT, et al. 2022. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the Mongolia sheep testis reveals a conserved and divergent transcriptome landscape of mammalian spermatogenesis. The FASEB Journal 36(6):e22348

doi: 10.1096/fj.202200152r
[56]

Wang X, Pei J, Xiong L, Guo S, Cao M, et al. 2023. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals atlas of yak testis cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(9):7982

doi: 10.3390/ijms24097982
[57]

Busada JT, Niedenberger BA, Velte EK, Keiper BD, Geyer CB. 2015. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) Is required for mouse spermatogonial differentiation in vivo. Developmental Biology 407(1):90−102

doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.004
[58]

Wang C, Wang Z, Xiong Z, Dai H, Zou Z, et al. 2016. mTORC1 activation promotes spermatogonial differentiation and causes subfertility in mice. Biology of Reproduction 95(5):97

doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140947
[59]

Chiarella P, Puglisi R, Sorrentino V, Boitani C, Stefanini M. 2004. Ryanodine receptors are expressed and functionally active in mouse spermatogenic cells and their inhibition interferes with spermatogonial differentiation. Journal of Cell Science 117(18):4127−4134

doi: 10.1242/jcs.01283
[60]

Karasu ME, Keeney S. 2019. Cyclin B3 is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis. Chromosoma 128(3):473−487

doi: 10.1007/s00412-019-00725-5
[61]

Martin-DeLeon P, Aravindan R, Kirn-Safran C, Smith M. 2014. Ultrastructural changes and asthenozoospermia in murine spermatozoa lacking the ribosomal protein L29/HIP gene. Asian Journal of Andrology 16(6):925

doi: 10.4103/1008-682x.133318
[62]

Finkelstein M, Etkovitz N, Breitbart H. 2020. Ca2+ signaling in mammalian spermatozoa. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 516:110953

doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110953
[63]

Costa J, Braga PC, Rebelo I, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. 2023. Mitochondria quality control and male fertility. Biology 12(6):827

doi: 10.3390/biology12060827
[64]

Gong J, Zeng Q, Yu D, Duan YG. 2021. T lymphocytes and testicular immunity: a new insight into immune regulation in testes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(1):57

doi: 10.3390/ijms22010057
[65]

Meinhardt A, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Bhushan S. 2022. Testicular macrophages: development and function in health and disease. Trends in Immunology 43(1):51−62

doi: 10.1016/j.it.2021.11.003
[66]

Sadek A, Khramtsova Y, Yushkov B. 2024. Mast cells as a component of spermatogonial stem cells' microenvironment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(23):13177

doi: 10.3390/ijms252313177
[67]

Davies LC, Jenkins SJ, Allen JE, Taylor PR. 2013. Tissue-resident macrophages. Nature Immunology 14(10):986−995

doi: 10.1038/ni.2705
[68]

Cheng M, McCarl B, Fei C. 2022. Climate change and livestock production: a literature review. Atmosphere 13(1):140

doi: 10.3390/atmos13010140