[1]

Gong B, Yang W, Xing Y, Lai Y, Shan Z. 2025. Global, regional, and national burden of type 1 diabetes in adolescents and young adults. Pediatric Research 97(2):568−576

doi: 10.1038/S41390-024-03107-5
[2]

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. 1993. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine 329(14):977−986

doi: 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401
[3]

Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal RM, Miller KM, DuBose SN, et al. 2012. The T1D exchange clinic registry. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97(12):4383−4389

doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1561
[4]

Ebekozien O, Mungmode A, Sanchez J, Rompicherla S, Demeterco-Berggren C, et al. 2023. Longitudinal trends in glycemic outcomes and technology use for over 48, 000 people with type 1 diabetes (2016–2022) from the T1D exchange quality improvement collaborative. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 25(11):765−773

doi: 10.1089/DIA.2023.0320
[5]

De Bock M, Agwu JC, Deabreu M, Dovc K, Maahs DM, et al. 2024. International society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: glycemic targets. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 97(6):546−554

doi: 10.1159/000543266
[6]

Elsayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, et al. 2023. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care 46(Supplement_1):S230−S253

doi: 10.2337/DC23-S014
[7]

Khadilkar A, Oza C. 2022. Glycaemic control in youth and young adults: challenges and solutions. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 15:121−129

doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S304347
[8]

Kelsey MM, Zeitler PS. 2016. Insulin resistance of puberty. Current Diabetes Reports 16(7):64

doi: 10.1007/S11892-016-0751-5
[9]

Zhu J, Volkening LK, Laffel LM. 2020. Distinct patterns of daily glucose variability by pubertal status in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 43(1):22−28

doi: 10.2337/DC19-0083/-/DC1
[10]

Malik FS, Sauder KA, Isom S, Reboussin BA, Dabelea D, et al. 2022. Trends in glycemic control among youth and young adults with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care 45(2):285−294

doi: 10.2337/DC21-0507
[11]

Fang M, Xu Y, Ballew SH, Coresh J, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, et al. 2025. Trends and disparities in technology use and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. JAMA Network Open 8(8):e2526353−e2526353

doi: 10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2025.26353
[12]

Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Laffel LM, Pickup JC. 2019. Advances in technology for management of type 1 diabetes. The Lancet 394:1265−1273

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31142-0
[13]

Fan W, Deng C, Xu R, Liu Z, Leslie RD, et al. 2025. Efficacy and safety of automated insulin delivery systems in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 49(2):235−251

doi: 10.4093/DMJ.2024.0130
[14]

Zeng B, Gao L, Yang Q, Jia H, Sun F. 2023. Automated insulin delivery systems in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outpatient randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 46(12):2300−2307

doi: 10.2337/dc23-0504
[15]

Di Molfetta S, Di Gioia L, Caruso I, Cignarelli A, Green SC, et al. 2024. Efficacy and safety of different hybrid closed loop systems for automated insulin delivery in people with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 40(6):e3842

doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3842
[16]

De Visser HS, Waraich S, Chhabra M, Yamamoto J, Zenlea I, et al. 2025. Automated insulin delivery systems and glucose management in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 179(11):1162−1171

doi: 10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2025.2740
[17]

Azar S, Maroun Abou Jaoude N, Kędzia A, Niechciał E. 2024. Barriers to type 1 diabetes adherence in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Medicine 13(19):5669

doi: 10.3390/JCM13195669
[18]

Blauw H, van Bon AC, Koops R, DeVries JH. 2016. Performance and safety of an integrated bihormonal artificial pancreas for fully automated glucose control at home. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 18(7):671−677

doi: 10.1111/DOM.12663
[19]

Blauw H, Onvlee AJ, Klaassen M, van Bon AC, DeVries JH. 2021. Fully closed loop glucose control with a bihormonal artificial pancreas in adults with type 1 diabetes: an outpatient, randomized, crossover trial. Diabetes Care 44(3):836−838

doi: 10.2337/dc20-2106
[20]

Blauw H, Wendl I, Devries JH, Heise T, Jax T, et al. 2016. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various glucagon dosages at different blood glucose levels. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 18(1):34−39

doi: 10.1111/dom.12571
[21]

van Bon AC, Blauw H, Jansen TJP, Laverman GD, Urgert T, et al. 2024. Bihormonal fully closed-loop system for the treatment of type 1 diabetes: a real-world multicentre, prospective, single-arm trial in the Netherlands. The Lancet Digital Health 6(4):e272−e280

doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00002-5
[22]

Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Frier BM. 1994. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 17(7):697−703

doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.7.697
[23]

Clarke WL, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA, Julian D, Schlundt D, et al. 1995. Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with IDDM. A prospective study of hypoglycemic frequency and associated symptoms. Diabetes Care 18(4):517−522

doi: 10.2337/DIACARE.18.4.517
[24]

Podwojniak A, Flemming J, Tan IJ, Ghani H, Neubauer Z, et al. 2024. Cutaneous adverse effects from diabetes devices in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review. JMIR Dermatology 7:e59824

doi: 10.2196/59824
[25]

Cummings C, Benjamin NE, Prabhu HY, Cohen LB, Goddard BJ, et al. 2022. Habit and diabetes self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Health Psychology 41(1):13−22

doi: 10.1037/HEA0001097
[26]

Weinzimer SA, Steil GM, Swan KL, Dziura J, Kurtz N, et al. 2008. Fully automated closed-loop insulin delivery versus semiautomated hybrid control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes using an artificial pancreas. Diabetes Care 31(5):934−939

doi: 10.2337/DC07-1967
[27]

Laesser CI, Piazza C, Schorno N, Nick F, Kastrati L, et al. 2025. Simplified meal announcement study (SMASH) using hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled two-centre crossover trial. Diabetologia 68(2):295−307

doi: 10.1007/S00125-024-06319-W
[28]

Kadiyala N, Lakshman R, Allen J, Ware J, Boughton CK, et al. 2025. Fully closed-loop improves glycemic control compared with pump with CGM in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and HbA1c above target: a two-center, randomized crossover study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 27(9):719−727

doi: 10.1089/DIA.2025.0062
[29]

Nefs G, Jansen TJP, Klaassen M, Vlaskamp LB, Out M, et al. 2026. User experiences of a bihormonal fully closed-loop system among adults with type 1 diabetes in a real-world setting: a qualitative analysis. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 28(4):360−373

doi: 10.1177/15209156251383522
[30]

Wilson LM, Jacobs PG, Castle JR. 2020. Role of glucagon in automated insulin delivery. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 49(1):179−202

doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.10.008
[31]

Urakami T, Kuwabara R, Habu M, Okuno M, Suzuki J, et al. 2014. Basal insulin requirement of youth with type 1 diabetes differs according to age. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 5(4):442−444

doi: 10.1111/JDI.12161