[1]

Yuan ZZ, Huang M, Lu WL, Peng CL, Li Q, et al. 2026. Characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions from typical paddy-upland rotation farmlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment 43:1289−1299 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.13254/j.jare.2025.0786
[2]

Qian H, Zhu X, Huang S, Linquist B, Kuzyakov Y, et al. 2023. Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation in rice agriculture. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 4:716−732

doi: 10.1038/s43017-023-00482-1
[3]

Ding H, Hu Q, Cai M, Cao C, Jiang Y. 2022. Effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on greenhouse gas emissions in rice varieties. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 330:107870

doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.107870
[4]

Phungern S, Azizan SNF, Yusof NB, Noborio K. 2023. Effects of water management and rice varieties on greenhouse gas emissions in central Japan. Soil Systems 7:89

doi: 10.3390/soilsystems7040089
[5]

Qian H, Chen J, Zhu X, Wang L, Li Y, et al. 2022. Intermittent flooding lowers the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on CH4 emissions from rice paddies. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 329:107872

doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.107872
[6]

Kaur M, Dheri GS, Brar AS, Kalia A. 2024. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions in rice fields influenced with duration of cultivars and irrigation regimes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 365:108923

doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2024.108923
[7]

Zhong C, Liu Y, Xu X, Yang B, Aamer M, et al. 2021. Paddy-upland rotation with Chinese milk vetch incorporation reduced the global warming potential and greenhouse gas emissions intensity of double rice cropping system. Environmental Pollution 276:116696

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116696
[8]

Ahmad S, Li C, Dai G, Zhan M, Wang J, et al. 2009. Greenhouse gas emission from direct seeding paddy field under different rice tillage systems in central China. Soil and Tillage Research 106:54−61

doi: 10.1016/j.still.2009.09.005
[9]

Zhang B, Yang X, Mao G, Guo J, Yang Y, et al. 2026. Effects of different base fertilizer application rates on main agronomic and quality traits of high-quality dryland rice. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (Natural Science) 41:179−187 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).202505015
[10]

Han X, Doménech-Pascual A, Pere Casas-Ruiz J, Donhauser J, Jordaan K, et al. 2024. Soil organic matter properties drive microbial enzyme activities and greenhouse gas fluxes along an elevational gradient. Geoderma 449:116993

doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116993
[11]

Massaccesi L, De Feudis M, Leccese A, Agnelli A. 2020. Altitude and vegetation affect soil organic carbon, basal respiration and microbial biomass in Apennine forest soils. Forests 11:710

doi: 10.3390/f11060710
[12]

Vibhuti, Bargali K, Bargali SS. 2020. Effect of size and altitude on soil organic carbon stock in homegarden agroforestry system in Central Himalaya, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica 40:483−491

doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2020.10.002
[13]

Zhao H, Sun J, Xu X, Qin X. 2017. Stoichiometry of soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in China's temperate and alpine grasslands. European Journal of Soil Biology 83:1−8

doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.09.007
[14]

Mashamaite L, Lebre PH, Varliero G, Maphosa S, Ortiz M, et al. 2023. Microbial diversity in Antarctic Dry Valley soils across an altitudinal gradient. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1203216

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1203216
[15]

Wang H, Tian D, Liu H, Wang Z, He Y, et al. 2024. Rare rather than abundant taxa of soil bacteria and fungi regulate soil multifunctionality in Eucalyptus plantations. Catena 245:108303

doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2024.108303
[16]

Yan X, Cai Z, Ohara T, Akimoto H. 2003. Methane emission from rice fields in mainland China: amount and seasonal and spatial distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 108:1−10

doi: 10.1029/2002jd003182
[17]

Chen S, Gu Y, Liu E, Wu M, Cheng X, et al. 2024. Freeze-thaw strength increases microbial stability to enhance diversity-soil multifunctionality relationship. Communications Earth & Environment 5:578

doi: 10.1038/s43247-024-01765-1
[18]

Kim TC, Gim US, Kim JS, Kim DS. 2006. The multi-functionality of paddy farming in Korea. Paddy and Water Environment 4:169−179

doi: 10.1007/s10333-006-0046-6
[19]

Quan GM, Zhang JE, Xu RB, Xie L, Liu JL. 2006. Review on the effect of environmental factors on rice quality. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 22:158−162 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2006.04.042
[20]

Liu YK, Pang JZ, Yi F, Peng CH, Zhang SX, et al. 2019. Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide of different forest types at different elevations in Huoditang forest region of Qinling Mountains. Journal of Northwest Forestry University 34:1−10 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2019.01.01
[21]

Kwak JH, Lim SS, Baah-Acheamfour M, Choi WJ, Fatemi F, et al. 2019. Introducing trees to agricultural lands increases greenhouse gas emission during spring thaw in Canadian agroforestry systems. Science of the Total Environment 652:800−809

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.241
[22]

Hei J, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang S, He X. 2024. Effects of exogenous organic acids on the soil metabolites and microbial communities of Panax notoginseng from the forest understory. Agronomy 14:601

doi: 10.3390/agronomy14030601
[23]

Hei J, Wang S, He X. 2024. Effects of exogenous organic acids on the growth, edaphic factors, soil extracellular enzymes, and microbiomes predict continuous cropping obstacles of Panax notoginseng from the forest understorey. Plant and Soil 503:105−122

doi: 10.1007/s11104-023-06044-0
[24]

Lu YM, Xu EL, Wu DM, Lu SX, Liu XF, et al. 2021. Effects of double addition or removal of litter on soil hydrolases activities and their stoichiometry in Castanopsis carlesii forest. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35:313−320 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2021.04.043
[25]

Shao WZ, Zhou XG, Wen YG, Wang L, Zhu HG, et al. 2022. Effects of mixing Eucalyptus and Castanopsis hystrix on soil hydrolytic enzyme activities and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry. Guihaia 42:543−555 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202012030
[26]

Hei J, Li Y, Rui R, Faisal N, Peng J, et al. 2025. The cultivation of Panax notoginseng enhances the metabolites and microbial network complexity in the soil of Pinus armandii rather than Pinus kesiya. Frontiers in Microbiology 16:1616266

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1616266
[27]

Wang YF, Zheng MH, Wang SH, Mao JH, Mo JM. 2021. Effects of long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil enzyme activities related N and P cycle in two Plantations in South China. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 29:244−250 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.11926/jtsb.4293
[28]

Mukhia S, Khatri A, Acharya V, Kumar R. 2021. Comparative genomics and molecular adaptational analysis of Arthrobacter from Sikkim Himalaya provided insights into its survivability under multiple high-altitude stress. Genomics 113:151−158

doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.001
[29]

Koyama A, Johnson NG, Brewer P, Webb CT, von Fischer JC. 2024. Biological and physical controls of methane uptake in grassland soils across the US Great Plains. Ecosphere 15:e4955

doi: 10.1002/ecs2.4955
[30]

Täumer J, Kolb S, Boeddinghaus RS, Wang H, Schöning I, et al. 2021. Divergent drivers of the microbial methane sink in temperate forest and grassland soils. Global Change Biology 27:929−940

doi: 10.1111/gcb.15430
[31]

Hei J, Li Y, Rui R, He S, Wang B, et al. 2026. Rare microbial α-diversity and network complexity significantly enhance soil multifunctionality in Pinus armandii under Sanqi-pine agroforestry system. Industrial Crops and Products 243:123108

doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123108
[32]

Lee J, Oh Y, Lee ST, Seo YO, Yun J, et al. 2023. Soil organic carbon is a key determinant of CH4 sink in global forest soils. Nature Communications 14:3110

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38905-8
[33]

Liang K, Wang L, Nian L, Wang M, Li Y, et al. 2025. Mechanisms of rhizosphere microbial regulation on ecosystem multifunctionality driven by altitudinal gradients in Hylodesmum podocarpum. Biology 14:1126

doi: 10.3390/biology14091126
[34]

Quan P, Yang Y, Xu Y, Lu Y, Ma Y, et al. 2025. Soil extracellular enzyme stoichiometric ratios reveal microbial metabolism in response to resource limitation along altitudinal gradient. Catena 259:109348

doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2025.109348
[35]

Hei J, Dong Q, Li Y, Rui R, He X, et al. 2026. Coupled regulation effects of Sanqi-pine intercropping systems on soil fertility and heavy metals mediated by ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. BMC Plant Biology 26:1190

doi: 10.1186/s12870-026-09050-3
[36]

Wang Y, Sun J, Lee TM. 2023. Altitude dependence of alpine grassland ecosystem multifunctionality across the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Environmental Management 332:117358

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117358
[37]

Wang Z, Wang K, Jiang Q, Liu C, Shan J, et al. 2023. Mutual feeding mechanism of carbon, nitrogen and enzyme activity in Northeast China black soil under snow cover change. Applied Soil Ecology 190:104991

doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104991
[38]

Chen Q, Long C, Chen J, Cheng X. 2021. Differential response of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions to edaphic properties and microbial attributes following afforestation in central China. Global Change Biol 27:5657−5669

doi: 10.1111/gcb.15826
[39]

Wu M, Liu Z, Chen L, Pang D, Xu X, et al. 2022. Elevation gradient shapes microbial carbon and phosphorous limitations in the Helan Mountains, Northwest China. Frontiers in Environmental Science 10:1041964

doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1041964
[40]

Kramer MG, Chadwick OA. 2016. Controls on carbon storage and weathering in volcanic soils across a high-elevation climate gradient on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Ecology 97:2384−2395

doi: 10.1002/ecy.1467
[41]

Wang N, Cheng J, Liu Y, Xu Q, Zhu C, et al. 2024. Relative importance of altitude shifts with plant and microbial diversity to soil multifunctionality in grasslands of north-western China. Plant and Soil 504:545−560

doi: 10.1007/s11104-024-06641-7
[42]

Zhao M, Liu S, Sun Y, Chen Y. 2024. Soil multifunctionality is associated with soil water content and fungal richness in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations. Plant and Soil 502:467−480

doi: 10.1007/s11104-024-06558-1
[43]

Kharitonov S, Semenov M, Sabrekov A, Kotsyurbenko O, Zhelezova A, et al. 2021. Microbial communities in methane cycle: modern molecular methods gain insights into their global ecology. Environments 8:16

doi: 10.3390/environments8020016
[44]

Wei T, Zhong S, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Tang X, et al. 2026. Nutrient limitations revealed by enzyme stoichiometry in soil microbial metabolism across elevational gradients of a subtropical montane ecosystem. Pedobiologia 114:151113

doi: 10.1016/j.pedobi.2026.151113
[45]

Nimalka Sanjeewani HK, Samarasinghe DP, De Costa WAJM. 2024. Influence of elevation and the associated variation of climate and vegetation on selected soil properties of tropical rainforests across a wide elevational gradient. Catena 237:107823

doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2024.107823
[46]

Zhong P, Wei S, Wang Z, Ou H, Wang Y, et al. 2025. Impact of seasonal drought on soil multifunctionality in dry–hot valley forests. Plant and Soil 516:651−671

doi: 10.1007/s11104-025-07750-7
[47]

Bayranvand M, Akbarinia M, Salehi Jouzani G, Gharechahi J, Baldrian P. 2021. Distribution of soil extracellular enzymatic, microbial, and biological functions in the C and N-cycle pathways along a forest altitudinal gradient. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:660603

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660603
[48]

Chen W, Wang J, Chen X, Meng Z, Xu R, et al. 2022. Soil microbial network complexity predicts ecosystem function along elevation gradients on the Tibetan Plateau. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 172:108766

doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108766