| [1] |
IPCC intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2022. Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: working group ii contribution to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781009325844 |
| [2] |
IPCC intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2021. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis: working group i contribution to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781009157896 |
| [3] |
Chenoweth J, Hadjinicolaou P, Bruggeman A, Lelieveld J, Levin Z, et al. 2011. Impact of climate change on the water resources of the eastern mediterranean and middle east region: modeled 21st century changes and implications. |
| [4] |
Al-Bakri J, Al-Kilani MR. 2025. Drought risk management in the MENA region: the role of earth observations and open-source tools. In The Challenge of Environmental Security in the Euro-Mediterranean Regioneds, eds. Buongiorno MF, Casini E, Manciulli A. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 51–64 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-99646-7_5 |
| [5] |
Lelieveld J, Proestos Y, Hadjinicolaou P, Tanarhte M, Tyrlis E, et al. 2016. Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century. |
| [6] |
Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY. 2016. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. |
| [7] |
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. 2012. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working Papers: No. 12-03. Rome: FAO. doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.288998 |
| [8] |
van Dijk M, Morley T, Rau ML, Saghai Y. 2021. A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050. |
| [9] |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2021. The state of the world's land and water resources for food and agriculture 2021: systems at breaking point. Rome: FAO. doi: 10.4060/cb7654en |
| [10] |
World Bank. 2022. Water in agriculture. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/875921614166983369/pdf/Water-in-Agriculture-Towards-Sustainable-Agriculture.pdf |
| [11] |
Beithou N, Qandil A, Khalid MB, Horvatinec J, Ondrasek G. 2022. Review of agricultural-related water security in water-scarce countries: Jordan case study. |
| [12] |
World Bank. 2022. Jordan Agriculture Resilience, Value Chain Development and Innovation (ARDI) Program (P167946): environmental and social systems assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099040009082216363 |
| [13] |
Ghanayem AA, Almohamed S, Al Assaf A, Majdalawi M. 2022. Socioeconomic analysis of soil-less farming system−an comparative evidence from Jordan, the middle east. |
| [14] |
Abdelal Q, Al-Kilani MR, Al-Bakri J, Keblouti M, Sakna A. 2026. Reduced frequency of soil moisture measurements for cost-effective irrigation management in arid regions. |
| [15] |
Ali Lakhiar I, Yan H, Zhang C, Wang G, He B, et al. 2024. A review of precision irrigation water-saving technology under changing climate for enhancing water use efficiency, crop yield, and environmental footprints. |
| [16] |
Al Zubi M, Amdar N, Brouziyne Y. 2025. Overcoming barriers to the adoption of water saving technologies in Jordan: policy pathways for transforming knowledge, attitudes and practices. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/c31a3054-af8e-4a82-82eb-6cf99b40b675 |
| [17] |
Ahmad AYAB, Alzubi JA, K C, Urooj S, Shahzad M, et al. 2026. Automated smart drip irrigation system in internet of things using adaptive residual hybrid network for precision farming. |
| [18] |
Khalifeh AF, AlQammaz AY, Abualigah L, Khasawneh AM, Darabkh KA. 2022. A machine learning-based weather prediction model and its application on smart irrigation. |
| [19] |
Al-Kilani MR, Okour MA, Abdelal Q, Bani-Melhem K, Abu-Mousa R, et al. 2027. Assessing water-carbon tradeoffs of smart irrigation and non-conventional water sources using sensor measurements and water use information. |
| [20] |
Rudnick DR, Stockton M, Taghvaeian S, Warren J, Dukes MD, et al. 2020. Innovative extension methods in the U.S. to promote irrigation water management. |
| [21] |
Ahmed Z, Gui D, Murtaza G, Liu Y, Ali S. 2023. An overview of smart irrigation management for improving water productivity under climate change in drylands. |
| [22] |
Goel RK, Yadav CS, Vishnoi S, Rastogi R. 2021. Smart agriculture – urgent need of the day in developing countries. |
| [23] |
Ebstu ET, Hatiye SD, Goshime DW, Dingemanse JD, Dugassa DD, et al. 2026. Development and testing of a low-cost soil moisture sensor for real-time irrigation scheduling. |
| [24] |
Toscano P, Borra-Serrano I, Pena JM, Aberkani K, Lahlali R, et al. 2025. Smart irrigation in Mediterranean countries: adoption and policy challenges. Precision Agriculture '25. Wageningen, 2025. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic. pp. 1143–1150 doi: 10.1163/9789004725232_150 |
| [25] |
Jabbari A, Teli TA, Masoodi F, Ahmad Reegu F, Uddin M, et al. 2024. Prioritizing factors for the adoption of IoT-based smart irrigation in Saudi Arabia: a GRA/AHP approach. |
| [26] |
Al-Bakri JT, Atiyat M, Al-Kilani MR, Al-Khreisat A, Farhan I, et al. 2026. Towards harmonized soil intelligence: insights from a multi-country survey of Mediterranean soil information systems. |
| [27] |
Wieder WR, Pierson D, Earl S, Lajtha K, Baer SG, et al. 2021. SoDaH: the soils data harmonization database, an open-source synthesis of soil data from research networks, version 1.0. |
| [28] |
Jaafar H, Kharroubi SA. 2021. Views, practices and knowledge of farmers regarding smart irrigation apps: a national cross-sectional study in Lebanon. |
| [29] |
Suh DH, Khachatryan H, Rihn A, Dukes M. 2017. Relating knowledge and perceptions of sustainable water management to preferences for smart irrigation technology. |
| [30] |
Khachatryan H, Suh DH, Xu W, Useche P, Dukes MD. 2019. Towards sustainable water management: preferences and willingness to pay for smart landscape irrigation technologies. |
| [31] |
Athelly A, Guzman SM, Yu Z, Watson JA. 2025. Bridging the gap between water-saving technologies and adoption in vegetable farming: insights from Florida, USA. |
| [32] |
Masi M, De Rosa M, Vecchio Y, Bartoli L, Adinolfi F. 2022. The long way to innovation adoption: insights from precision agriculture. |
| [33] |
Zhang S, Xiong H. 2026. Linking land policy to food system sustainability: farm scale effects on smart irrigation adoption in northern China. |
| [34] |
Serote B, Mokgehle S, Du Plooy C, Mpandeli S, Nhamo L, et al. 2021. Factors influencing the adoption of climate-smart irrigation technologies for sustainable crop productivity by smallholder farmers in arid areas of South Africa. |
| [35] |
Zhang X, Khachatryan H. 2019. Investigating homeowners' preferences for smart irrigation technology features. |
| [36] |
Kgopa AT, Baakanyang B. 2025. Perceptions of South African small-scale farmers towards the adoption of smart irrigation technologies. |
| [37] |
Abdelal Q, Al-Kilani MR, Al-Shishani G. 2025. Impact of soil particle size on soil moisture measurements through dielectric and electrical resistance properties. |
| [38] |
Al-Kilani MR, Abdelal Q, Al-Shishani G. 2025. Are conductivity sensors useless for irrigators? Exploring measurement consistency around soil moisture thresholds relevant to different applications. |
| [39] |
Mane S, Das N, Singh G, Cosh M, Dong Y. 2024. Advancements in dielectric soil moisture sensor Calibration: a comprehensive review of methods and techniques. |
| [40] |
Mwangi M, Kariuki S. 2015. Factors determining adoption of new agricultural technology by smallholder farmers in developing countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 6(5):208–216 |
| [41] |
Abdelal Q, Al-Shishani G, Al-Kilani MR. 2024. Optimized open-source pumping apparatus for precision fertigation and smart agriculture experimentations. 2024 22nd International Conference on Research and Education in Mechatronics (REM). Amman, Jordan, 24−26 September, 2024. USA: IEEE. pp. 403−409 doi: 10.1109/rem63063.2024.10735615 |
| [42] |
Morchid A, El Alami R, Raezah AA, Sabbar Y. 2024. Applications of internet of things (IoT) and sensors technology to increase food security and agricultural sustainability: benefits and challenges. |
| [43] |
Ali A, Hussain T, Zahid A. 2025. Smart irrigation technologies and prospects for enhancing water use efficiency for sustainable agriculture. |
| [44] |
Rajapakse J, Otoo M, Danso G. 2023. Progress in delivering SDG6: safe water and sanitation. |
| [45] |
Arora NK, Mishra I. 2022. Sustainable development goal 6: global water security. |
| [46] |
Kadir DBA, Bin Mohamad Zawawi MZ, Bin Mohd Asmar MAF, Bin Mohd Safie MSF, Bin Mohd Faizal MF, et al. 2024. SMART irrigation system contribution to sustainable development goals. In Opportunities and Risks in AI for Business Development, eds. Alareeni B, Elgedawy I. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp: 125−133 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-65203-5_12 |
| [47] |
Gil JDB, Reidsma P, Giller K, Todman L, Whitmore A, et al. 2019. Sustainable development goal 2: improved targets and indicators for agriculture and food security. |