doi:10.48130/tihort-0026-0015

[1]

Chen Y, Xu Y, Li D, Luo Z. 2023. Exogenous azacytidine alleviates peel browning of postharvest bananas (Musa acuminata) showing an important role of DNA methylation. Postharvest Biology and Technology 206:112554

doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2023.112554

[2]

Dos Santos NS, Arcanjo Alves JM, Pereira Uchôa SC, Oliveira da Silva DC, Barreto GF, et al. 2020. Damage levels of sunburn in pineapple fruits submitted to natural and artificial protection. Revista Agro@Mbiente on-Line 14:1–16

doi: 10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v14i0.6783

[3]

Fischer G, Orduz-Rodríguez JO, do Amarante CVT. 2022. Sunburn disorder in tropical and subtropical fruits. A review. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas 16:e15703

doi: 10.17584/rcch.2022v16i3.15703

[4]

Xu H, Watanabe Y, Ediger D, Yang X, Iritani D. 2022. Characteristics of sunburn browning fruit and rootstock-dependent damage-free yield of Ambrosia™ apple after sustained summer heat events. Plants 11:1201

doi: 10.3390/plants11091201

[5]

Affognon H, Mutungi C, Sanginga P, Borgemeister C. 2015. Unpacking postharvest losses in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis. World Development 66:49−68

doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.002

[6]

Teferra TF. 2022. The cost of postharvest losses in Ethiopia: economic and food security implications. Heliyon 8:e09077

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09077

[7]

Raju C, Pazhanivelan S, Perianadar IV, Kaliaperumal R, Sathyamoorthy NK, et al. 2024. Climate change as an existential threat to tropical fruit crop production—a review. Agriculture 14:2018

doi: 10.3390/agriculture14112018

[8]

Racsko J, Schrader LE. 2012. Sunburn of apple fruit: historical background, recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31:455−504

doi: 10.1080/07352689.2012.696453

[9]

Torres CA, Mogollon R. 2022. Characterization of sun-injury and prediction of sunscald on 'Packham's Triumph' pears using Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Postharvest Biology and Technology 184:111776

doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111776

[10]

Munné-Bosch S, Vincent C. 2019. Physiological mechanisms underlying fruit sunburn. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 38:140−157

doi: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1613320

[11]

Makule E, Dimoso N, Tassou SA. 2022. Precooling and cold storage methods for fruits and vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa—a review. Horticulturae 8:776

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae8090776

[12]

Sipho S, Workneh TS. 2020. Potential causes of postharvest losses, low-cost cooling technology for fresh produce farmers in sub-Sahara Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research 16:553−566

doi: 10.5897/AJAR2020.14714

[13]

Pongprasert N, Srilaong V, Sunpapao A. 2021. Postharvest senescent dark spot development mechanism of Musa acuminata ("Khai" banana) peel associated with chlorophyll degradation and stomata cell death. Journal of Food Biochemistry 45:e13745

doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13745

[14]

Zhu W, Li H, Dong P, Ni X, Fan M, et al. 2023. Low temperature-induced regulatory network rewiring via WRKY regulators during banana peel browning. Plant Physiology 193:855−873

doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad322

[15]

Yang C, Wang X, Zhu W, Weng Z, Li F, et al. 2024. Postharvest white light combined with different UV-B doses differently promotes anthocyanin accumulation and antioxidant capacity in mango peel. LWT 203:116385

doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116385

[16]

Shui X, Chen TT, Qian MJ, Peng JJ, Du JJ, et al. 2024. The antioxidant response mechanism of flavonoids in 'Tainong 1' mango pulp under enhanced UV-B radiation. Cogent Food & Agriculture 10:2301273

doi: 10.1080/23311932.2023.2301273

[17]

Fan S, Li Q, Feng S, Lei Q, Abbas F, et al. 2022. Melatonin maintains fruit quality and reduces anthracnose in postharvest papaya via enhancement of antioxidants and inhibition of pathogen development. Antioxidants 11:804

doi: 10.3390/antiox11050804

[18]

Mitra SK. 2018. Climate change: impact, and mitigation strategies for tropical and subtropical fruits. Acta Horticulturae 1216:1−12

doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1216.1

[19]

Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, et al. 2019. Response of phenylpropanoid pathway and the role of polyphenols in plants under abiotic stress. Molecules 24:2452

doi: 10.3390/molecules24132452

[20]

Rao MJ, Zheng B. 2025. The role of polyphenols in abiotic stress tolerance and their antioxidant properties to scavenge reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Antioxidants 14:74

doi: 10.3390/antiox14010074

[21]

El-Zawily HMA, Abo El-Enin MMS, Elmenofy HM, Hassan IF, Manolikaki I, et al. 2024. Improving yield and quality of 'Balady' mandarin trees by using shading techniques and reflective materials in response to climate change under flood irrigation conditions. Agronomy 14:2456

doi: 10.3390/agronomy14112456

[22]

Bellitti S, Mezzano M, Massaad M, Gugliuzza G, Scuderi D, et al. 2025. Kaolin as a cost-effective approach for sunburn on mango in the Mediterranean Basin. Applied Fruit Science 67:378

doi: 10.1007/s10341-025-01615-0

[23]

Xu F, Liu Y, Xu J, Fu L. 2019. Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) combined with salicylic acid (SA) treatment on the postharvest physiology and quality of bananas. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 43:e13880

doi: 10.1111/jfpp.13880

[24]

Meng X, Fang J, Fu M, Jiao W, Ren P, et al. 2023. The role of 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) and salicylic acid (SA) in induced resistance of postharvest fruits. Horticulturae 9:108

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae9010108

[25]

Stathers T, Holcroft D, Kitinoja L, Mvumi BM, English A, et al. 2020. A scoping review of interventions for crop postharvest loss reduction in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Nature Sustainability 3:821−835

doi: 10.1038/s41893-020-00622-1

[26]

Kagy V, Duret H, Mangeas M, Bouteiller M, Murcia I, et al. 2024. Sun exposure and high preharvest fruit temperatures increase antioxidants, heat shock proteins and thermotolerance of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 52:383−408

doi: 10.1080/01140671.2024.2328112

[27]

Kim M, Park Y, Yun SK, Kim SS, Joa J, et al. 2022. The anatomical differences and physiological responses of sunburned Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruits. Plants 11:1801

doi: 10.3390/plants11141801

[28]

Lal N, Sahu N. 2017. Management strategies of sun burn in fruit crops-a review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6:1126−1138

doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.131

[29]

Chen H, Deng L, Yang B, Chang X, Chen Z, et al. 2026. Integrated multi-omics reveals the mechanisms of sunburn-induced peel browning in wampee fruit. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 231:111011

doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.111011

[30]

Xiao L, Jiang X, Deng Y, Xu K, Duan X, et al. 2023. Study on characteristics and lignification mechanism of postharvest banana fruit during chilling injury. Foods 12:1097

doi: 10.3390/foods12051097

[31]

Kikulwe EM, Okurut S, Ajambo S, Nowakunda K, Stoian D, et al. 2018. Postharvest losses and their determinants: a challenge to creating a sustainable cooking banana value chain in Uganda. Sustainability 10:2381

doi: 10.3390/su10072381

[32]

Zhang W, Pan Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Z. 2023. Advances in control technologies and mechanisms to treat peel browning in postharvest fruit. Scientia Horticulturae 311:111798

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111798

[33]

Tian J, Xie S, Zhang P, Wang Q, Li J, et al. 2022. Attenuation of postharvest peel browning and chilling injury of banana fruit by Astragalus polysaccharides. Postharvest Biology and Technology 184:111783

doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111783

[34]

Chen M, Gu H, Wang L, Shao Y, Li R, et al. 2022. Exogenous ethylene promotes peel color transformation by regulating the degradation of chlorophyll and synthesis of anthocyanin in postharvest mango fruit. Frontiers in Nutrition 9:911542

doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.911542

[35]

Yang C, Wang X, Zhu W, Weng Z, Li F, et al. 2024. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the regulation mechanism of postharvest light-induced phenolics accumulation in mango peel. LWT 213:117050

doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2024.117050

[36]

Wang J, Li H, Zeng W, Jiang Y, Cai D, et al. 2026. Histone lactylation mediates exogenous ascorbic acid suppression of chilling-induced peel browning in banana. Plant Physiology 200:kiaf650

doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiaf650

[37]

Liu W, Chen G, He M, Wu J, Wen W, et al. 2023. ABI5 promotes heat stress-induced chlorophyll degradation by modulating the stability of MYB44 in cucumber. Horticulture Research 10:uhad089

doi: 10.1093/hr/uhad089

[38]

Ge Y, Hu KD, Wang SS, Hu LY, Chen XY, et al. 2017. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates postharvest ripening and senescence of banana by antagonizing the effect of ethylene. PLoS One 12:e0180113

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180113

[39]

Alali AA, Awad MA, Al-Qurashi AD, Mohamed SA. 2018. Postharvest gum Arabic and salicylic acid dipping affect quality and biochemical changes of 'Grand Nain' bananas during shelf life. Scientia Horticulturae 237:51−58

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.061

[40]

Qian M, Wu H, Yang C, Zhu W, Shi B, et al. 2023. RNA-Seq reveals the key pathways and genes involved in the light-regulated flavonoids biosynthesis in mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:1119384

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1119384

[41]

Hamdy AE, Abdel-Aziz HF, El-khamissi H, AlJwaizea NI, Abou El-Yazied A, et al. 2022. Kaolin improves photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant content, and decreases sunburn of mangoes: field study. Agronomy 12:1535

doi: 10.3390/agronomy12071535

[42]

Borthakur P, Chinnasamy K, Paramasivam SK, Venkatachalam S, Alagarswamy S, et al. 2024. Exogenous melatonin as pre- and postharvest application on quality attributes, antioxidant capacity, and extension of shelf life of papaya. Horticulturae 10:1099

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae10101099

[43]

Vinod BR, Asrey R, Sethi S, Prakash J, Meena NK, et al. 2023. Recent advances in physical treatments of papaya fruit for postharvest quality retention: a review. eFood 4:e79

doi: 10.1002/efd2.79

[44]

Prasad K, Akshatha H, Pradhan J, Singh SK, Udit K, et al. 2024. Eco-safe composite edible coating of hydrocolloids with papaya leaf extract improves postharvest quality and shelf life of papaya fruit under ambient storage. Journal of Food Science 89:1114−1126

doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.16885

[45]

Léchaudel M, Darnaudery M, Joët T, Fournier P, Joas J. 2018. Genotypic and environmental effects on the level of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and related gene expression during pineapple fruit development and ripening. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 130:127−138

doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.041

[46]

Karunakaran G, Kanupriya C, Arivalagan M, Laxman RH, Prakash K, et al. 2025. Sunburn mitigation in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.): unravelling genotype-specific physiological and biochemical responses. Frontiers in Plant Science 16:1661147

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1661147

[47]

Chen N, Wei W, Yang Y, Chen L, Shan W, et al. 2024. Postharvest physiology and handling of guava fruit. Foods 13:805

doi: 10.3390/foods13050805

[48]

Bacelar E, Pinto T, Anjos R, Morais MC, Oliveira I, et al. 2024. Impacts of climate change and mitigation strategies for some abiotic and biotic constraints influencing fruit growth and quality. Plants 13:1942

doi: 10.3390/plants13141942

[49]

Sharma M, Negi S, Kumar P, Srivastava DK, Choudhary MK, et al. 2023. Fruit ripening under heat stress: the intriguing role of ethylene-mediated signaling. Plant Science 335:111820

doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111820

[50]

Li S, Chen H, Yu H, Li Y, Wang L. 2023. Responses and adaptations of fruit trees to high temperatures. Fruit Research 3:23

doi: 10.48130/FruRes-2023-0023

[51]

James A, Zikankuba V. 2017. Postharvest management of fruits and vegetable: a potential for reducing poverty, hidden hunger and malnutrition in sub-Sahara Africa. Cogent Food & Agriculture 3:1312052

doi: 10.1080/23311932.2017.1312052

[52]

Stathers T, Holcroft D, Engelbert M, Ravat Z, Marion P. 2025. The evidence on crop postharvest loss reduction interventions for sub-Saharan African and South Asian food systems: a systematic scoping review update 2024. Journal of Stored Products Research 114:102727

doi: 10.1016/j.jspr.2025.102727

[53]

Severino V, Arias-Sibillotte M, Dogliotti S, Frins E, Yuri JA, et al. 2021. Pre- and postharvest management of sunburn in 'Granny Smith' apples (Malus × domestica Borkh) under neotropical climate conditions. Agronomy 11:1618

doi: 10.3390/agronomy11081618

[54]

Tsai MS, Lee TC, Chang PT. 2013. Comparison of paper bags, calcium carbonate, and shade nets for sunscald protection in 'Murcott' tangor fruit. HortTechnology 23:659−667

doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.23.5.659

[55]

Labib LA, Ahmed S, Hasan MF. 2025. Improving guava shelf life and preserving postharvest quality with edible coatings. Food Science & Nutrition 13:e70491

doi: 10.1002/fsn3.70491

[56]

Willsea N, Blanco V, Howe O, Campbell T, Biasuz EC, et al. 2023. Retractable netting and evaporative cooling for sunburn control and increasing red color for 'Honeycrisp' apple. HortScience 58:1341−1347

doi: 10.21273/hortsci17339-23

[57]

Xu L, Sun DW, Tian Y, Sun L, Fan T, et al. 2022. Combined effects of radiative and evaporative cooling on fruit preservation under solar radiation: sunburn resistance and temperature stabilization. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14:45788−45799

doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c11349

[58]

Gang F, Xu M, Zhang S, Zhang C, He J, et al. 2024. Biodegradable active composite hydrogel packaging for postharvest climacteric bananas preservation. Food Chemistry 442:138494

doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138494

[59]

Tavassoli-Kafrani E, Gamage MV, Dumée LF, Kong L, Zhao S. 2022. Edible films and coatings for shelf life extension of mango: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 62:2432−2459

doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1853038

[60]

Moradinezhad F, Adiba A, Ranjbar A, Dorostkar M. 2025. Edible coatings to prolong the shelf life and improve the quality of subtropical fresh/fresh-cut fruits: a review. Horticulturae 11:577

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae11060577

[61]

Bajaj K, Adhikary T, Gill PPS, Kumar A. 2023. Edible coatings enriched with plant-based extracts preserve postharvest quality of fruits: a review. Progress in Organic Coatings 182:107669

doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107669

[62]

Kohli K, Kumar A, Singh O, Dey P. 2024. Composite edible coatings can extend shelf-life and maintain postharvest qualities of guava under natural storage. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 65:413−431

doi: 10.1007/s13580-023-00576-1

[63]

Osae R, Apaliya MT, Alolga RN, Kwaw E, Otu PNY, et al. 2022. Influence of shea butter, bee wax and cassava starch coatings on enzyme inactivation, antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds and quality retention of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. Applied Food Research 2:100041

doi: 10.1016/j.afres.2022.100041