[1]

Zhang R, Zheng X, Chen B, Ma J, Niu X, et al. 2020. Enhanced adsorption of sulfamethoxazole from aqueous solution by Fe-impregnated graphited biochar. Journal of Cleaner Production 256:120662

doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120662
[2]

Li J, Zhao L, Feng M, Huang CH, Sun P. 2021. Abiotic transformation and ecotoxicity change of sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental and water treatment processes: a critical review. Water Research 202:117463

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117463
[3]

Archundia D, Martins JMF, Lehembre F, Morel MC, Duwig C. 2021. Sulfamethoxazole biodegradation and impacts on soil microbial communities in a Bolivian arid high altitude catchment. Chemosphere 284:131335

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131335
[4]

Kong S, Zhao YG, Guo L, Gao M, Jin C, et al. 2020. Transcriptomics of Planococcus kocurii O516 reveals the degrading metabolism of sulfamethoxazole in marine aquaculture wastewater. Environmental Pollution 265:114939

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114939
[5]

Wang J, Zhuan R. 2020. Degradation of antibiotics by advanced oxidation processes: an overview. Science of the Total Environment 701:135023

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135023
[6]

Dikšaitytė A, Kacienė G, Miškelytė D, Januškaitienė I, Sujetovienė G, et al. 2025. Exacerbated toxicity of sulfamethoxazole in growth and photosynthetic performance of Hordeum vulgare under future climate scenario. Environmental Research 282:122041

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122041
[7]

Ouyang P, Narayanan M, Shi X, Chen X, Li Z, et al. 2023. Integrating biochar and bacteria for sustainable remediation of metal-contaminated soils. Biochar 5:63

doi: 10.1007/s42773-023-00265-3
[8]

Srinivasan P, Sarmah AK. 2015. Characterisation of agricultural waste-derived biochars and their sorption potential for sulfamethoxazole in pasture soil: a spectroscopic investigation. Science of the Total Environment 502:471−480

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.048
[9]

Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Lim JE, Ahmed MBM, Zhang M, et al. 2014. Invasive plant-derived biochar inhibits sulfamethazine uptake by lettuce in soil. Chemosphere 111:500−504

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.040
[10]

Hu F, Gao C, Wang B, Ding Z, Zhang L, et al. 2024. Effects of chicken manure-modified biochar on the adsorption capacity of tetracycline and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil. Land Degradation & Development 35:1224−1233

doi: 10.1002/ldr.4983
[11]

Du Z, Sun X, Zheng S, Wang S, Wu L, et al. 2024. Optimal biochar selection for cadmium pollution remediation in Chinese agricultural soils via optimized machine learning. Journal of Hazardous Materials 476:135065

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135065
[12]

Liu X, He Y, Li J, Li J, Zhang J, et al. 2025. Does biochar field aging reduce the kinetic retention for weakly hydrophobic antibiotics in purple soil? Biochar 7:69

doi: 10.1007/s42773-025-00460-4
[13]

Zhang M, Riaz M, Zhang L, El-desouki Z, Jiang C. 2019. Biochar induces changes to basic soil properties and bacterial communities of different soils to varying degrees at 25 mm rainfall: more effective on acidic soils. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:1321

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01321
[14]

Singh H, Northup BK, Rice CW, Prasad PVV. 2022. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis. Biochar 4:8

doi: 10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1
[15]

Wang H, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Shi H, Liu G. 2022. Effect of biochar on rhizosphere soil microbial diversity and metabolism in tobacco-growing soil. Ecologies 3:539−556

doi: 10.3390/ecologies3040040
[16]

Xu W, Whitman WB, Gundale MJ, Chien CC, Chiu CY. 2021. Functional response of the soil microbial community to biochar applications. GCB Bioenergy 13:269−281

doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12773
[17]

Li X, Wang T, Chang SX, Jiang X, Song Y. 2020. Biochar increases soil microbial biomass but has variable effects on microbial diversity: a meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 749:141593

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141593
[18]

Wang M, Yu X, Weng X, Zeng X, Li M, et al. 2023. Meta-analysis of the effects of biochar application on the diversity of soil bacteria and fungi. Microorganisms 11:641

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030641
[19]

Xu W, Xu H, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Gundale MJ, Zou X, et al. 2023. Global meta-analysis reveals positive effects of biochar on soil microbial diversity. Geoderma 436:116528

doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116528
[20]

Minaei S, Zoroufchi Benis K, McPhedran KN, Soltan J. 2024. Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and lincomycin from single and binary aqueous systems using acid-modified biochar from activated sludge biomass. Journal of Environmental Management 358:120742

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120742
[21]

Xu X, Weng Y, Zhuang J, Pei H, Wu B, et al. 2024. Enhanced adsorption capacity of antibiotics by calamus-biochar with phosphoric acid modification: performance assessment and mechanism analysis. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 161:105541

doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105541
[22]

Egbedina AO, Ugwuja CG, Dare PA, Sulaiman HD, Olu-Owolabi BI, et al. 2023. CTAB-activated carbon from peanut husks for the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from water. Environmental Processes 10:20

doi: 10.1007/s40710-023-00636-9
[23]

Hua Z, Pan Y, Hong Q. 2023. Adsorption of Congo red dye in water by orange peel biochar modified with CTAB. RSC Advances 13:12502−12508

doi: 10.1039/d3ra01444d
[24]

Zeng S, Choi YK, Kan E. 2021. Iron-activated bermudagrass-derived biochar for adsorption of aqueous sulfamethoxazole: effects of iron impregnation ratio on biochar properties, adsorption, and regeneration. Science of the Total Environment 750:141691

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141691
[25]

Cheng H, Xing D, Lin S, Deng Z, Wang X, et al. 2022. Iron-modified biochar strengthens simazine adsorption and decreases simazine decomposition in the soil. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:901658

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901658
[26]

Hernández-Sánchez N, Lleó L, Ammari F, Cuadrado TR, Roger JM. 2017. Fast fluorescence spectroscopy methodology to monitor the evolution of extra virgin olive oils under illumination. Food and Bioprocess Technology 10:949−961

doi: 10.1007/s11947-017-1866-7
[27]

Stedmon CA, Bro R. 2008. Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: a tutorial. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 6:572−579

doi: 10.4319/lom.2008.6.572
[28]

Weaver RW, Angle S, Bottomley P, Bezdicek D, Smith S, et al. 1994. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. USA: Soil Science Society of America. doi: 10.2136/sssabookser5.2

[29]

Liu X, Lu S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Guo X, et al. 2021. Performance and mechanism of sulfamethoxazole removal in different bioelectrochemical technology-integrated constructed wetlands. Water Research 207:117814

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117814
[30]

Tan L, Xiao Y, Zeng WA, Gu S, Zhai Z, et al. 2022. Network analysis reveals the root endophytic fungi associated with Fusarium root rot invasion. Applied Soil Ecology 178:104567

doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104567
[31]

Wang X, Sato T, Xing B. 2006. Competitive sorption of pyrene on wood chars. Environmental Science & Technology 40:3267−3272

doi: 10.1021/es0521977
[32]

Kong X, Cernava T, Wang Y, Jin D. 2023. Native fungal community remains resilient during bioremediation of DBP pollution by exogenous Gordonia phthalatica QH-11T. Science of the Total Environment 892:164532

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164532
[33]

Shi S, Nuccio EE, Shi ZJ, He Z, Zhou J, et al. 2016. The interconnected rhizosphere: high network complexity dominates rhizosphere assemblages. Ecology Letters 19:926−936

doi: 10.1111/ele.12630
[34]

Yuan MM, Guo X, Wu L, Zhang Y, Xiao N, et al. 2021. Climate warming enhances microbial network complexity and stability. Nature Climate Change 11:343−348

doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-00989-9
[35]

BhinsaraVM. 2026. Actinobacteria mediated bioremediation of pesticide and heavy metal contaminated soils using omics and emerging strategies. Discover Environment 4:413

doi: 10.1007/s44274-026-00913-y
[36]

Liang J, Tang S, Gong J, Zeng G, Tang W, et al. 2020. Responses of enzymatic activity and microbial communities to biochar/compost amendment in sulfamethoxazole polluted wetland soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 385:121533

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121533
[37]

Fér M, Kodešová R, Kalkušová B, Klement A, Nikodem A. 2020. An empirical model for describing the influence of water content and concentration of sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) in soil on the total net CO2 efflux. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 68:351−358

doi: 10.2478/johh-2020-0031
[38]

Liu Y, Li R, Xiao X, Wang Z. 2019. Bacterial metabolism-inspired molecules to modulate antibiotic efficacy. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74:3409−3417

doi: 10.1093/jac/dkz230
[39]

Fan S, Zuo J, Dong H. 2020. Changes in soil properties and bacterial community composition with biochar amendment after six years. Agronomy 10:746

doi: 10.3390/agronomy10050746
[40]

Lang Q, Guo X, Zou G, Wang C, Li Y, et al. 2023. Hydrochar reduces oxytetracycline in soil and Chinese cabbage by altering soil properties, shifting microbial community structure and promoting microbial metabolism. Chemosphere 338:139578

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139578
[41]

Zhang L, Jing Y, Xiang Y, Zhang R, Lu H. 2018. Responses of soil microbial community structure changes and activities to biochar addition: a meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 643:926−935

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.231
[42]

Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Tao W, Zhang X, Xu Z, et al. 2025. The biological effects of biochar on soil's physical and chemical characteristics: a review. Sustainability 17:2214

doi: 10.3390/su17052214
[43]

Sarnthima R, Mongkolthanaruk W, Sanachai K, Khammuang S. 2024. Laccase from Streptomyces sp. CS29 and molecular insight of sulfamethoxazole degradation. Biologia 79:311−320

doi: 10.1007/s11756-023-01552-x
[44]

Larcher S, Yargeau V. 2011. Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by individual and mixed bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 91:211−218

doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3257-8
[45]

Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Karaman R. 2020. Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. Molecules 25:1340

doi: 10.3390/molecules25061340
[46]

Richter MF, Drown BS, Riley AP, Garcia A, Shirai T, et al. 2017. Predictive compound accumulation rules yield a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Nature 545:299−304

doi: 10.1038/nature22308
[47]

Jing H, Li J, Yan B, Wei F, Wang G, et al. 2021. The effects of nitrogen addition on soil organic carbon decomposition and microbial C-degradation functional genes abundance in a Pinus tabulaeformis forest. Forest Ecology and Management 489:119098

doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119098
[48]

Kang Z, Jia X, Zhang Y, Kang X, Ge M, et al. 2022. A review on application of biochar in the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants through adsorption and persulfate-based AOPs. Sustainability 14:10128

doi: 10.3390/su141610128
[49]

Peiris C, Gunatilake SR, Mlsna TE, Mohan D, Vithanage M. 2017. Biochar based removal of antibiotic sulfonamides and tetracyclines in aquatic environments: a critical review. Bioresource Technology 246:150−159

doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.150
[50]

Anuar NF, Iskandar Shah DRS, Ramli FF, Md Zaini MS, Mohammadi NA, et al. 2023. The removal of antibiotics in water by chemically modified carbonaceous adsorbents from biomass: a systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production 401:136725

doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136725