| [1] |
Post JE. 1999. Manganese oxide minerals: crystal structures and economic and environmental significance. |
| [2] |
Lafferty BJ, Ginder-Vogel M, Sparks DL. 2010. Arsenite oxidation by a poorly crystalline manganese-oxide 1. Stirred-flow experiments. |
| [3] |
Landrot G, Ginder-Vogel M, Livi K, Fitts JP, Sparks DL. 2012. Chromium(III) oxidation by three poorly-crystalline manganese(IV) oxides. 1. Chromium(III)-oxidizing capacity. |
| [4] |
Remucal CK, Ginder-Vogel M. 2014. A critical review of the reactivity of manganese oxides with organic contaminants. |
| [5] |
Li F, Yin H, Zhu T, Zhuang W. 2024. Understanding the role of manganese oxides in retaining harmful metals: insights into oxidation and adsorption mechanisms at microstructure level. |
| [6] |
Shi M, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Li B, et al. 2024. A review on the transformation of birnessite in the environment: implication for the stabilization of heavy metals. |
| [7] |
Wen K, Yang Y, Li S, Xi J, Yi R, et al. 2026. Crystallinity-dependent transformation of layered manganese oxides: implications for the mineral diversity of manganese oxides in nature. |
| [8] |
Yang S, Shobnam N, Sun Y, Löffler FE, Im J. 2024. The relative contributions of Mn(III) and Mn(IV) in manganese dioxide polymorphs to bisphenol A degradation. |
| [9] |
Wang Q, Yang P, Zhu M. 2019. Effects of metal cations on coupled birnessite structural transformation and natural organic matter adsorption and oxidation. |
| [10] |
Li H, Atkins B, Williams S, Yin H, Reinhart B, et al. 2024. Sorption and oxidative degradation of small organic molecules on Mn-oxides─effects of pH and mineral structures. |
| [11] |
Zhou Y, Guo C, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Yin M, et al. 2025. Birnessite enhanced Cr(III) oxidation during subsurface geochemical processes: role of Mn(III)-induced nonphotochemical reactive oxygen species. |
| [12] |
Wang Q, Yang P, Zhu M. 2018. Structural transformation of birnessite by fulvic acid under anoxic conditions. |
| [13] |
Ma D, Wu J, Yang P, Zhu M. 2020. Coupled manganese redox cycling and organic carbon degradation on mineral surfaces. |
| [14] |
Allard S, Gutierrez L, Fontaine C, Croué JP, Gallard H. 2017. Organic matter interactions with natural manganese oxide and synthetic birnessite. |
| [15] |
Li H, Santos F, Butler K, Herndon E. 2021. A critical review on the multiple roles of manganese in stabilizing and destabilizing soil organic matter. |
| [16] |
Shindo H, Huang PM. 1982. Role of Mn(IV) oxide in abiotic formation of humic substances in the environment. |
| [17] |
Jokic A, Frenkel AI, Vairavamurthy MA, Huang PM. 2001. Birnessite catalysis of the Maillard reaction: its significance in natural humification. |
| [18] |
Johnson K, Purvis G, Lopez-Capel E, Peacock C, Gray N, et al. 2015. Towards a mechanistic understanding of carbon stabilization in manganese oxides. |
| [19] |
Moore OW, Curti L, Woulds C, Bradley JA, Babakhani P, et al. 2023. Long-term organic carbon preservation enhanced by iron and manganese. |
| [20] |
Sunda WG, Kieber DJ. 1994. Oxidation of humic substances by manganese oxides yields low-molecular-weight organic substrates. |
| [21] |
Sunda WG, Huntsman SA, Harvey GR. 1983. Photoreduction of manganese oxides in seawater and its geochemical and biological implications. |
| [22] |
Waite TD, Wrigley IC, Szymczak R. 1988. Photoassisted dissolution of a colloidal manganese oxide in the presence of fulvic acid. |
| [23] |
Jin C, Li Z, Hursthouse AS, Ding X, Zhou M, et al. 2023. Manganese oxides mediated dissolve organic matter compositional changes in lake sediment and cadmium binding characteristics. |
| [24] |
Stuckey JW, Goodwin C, Wang J, Kaplan LA, Vidal-Esquivel P, et al. 2018. Impacts of hydrous manganese oxide on the retention and lability of dissolved organic matter. |
| [25] |
Ding Z, Hu S, Zhu L, Xiao J, Ye Q, et al. 2024. Multiple effects of iron oxides on the adsorption and oxidation of dissolved organic matter by manganese oxides. |
| [26] |
Chorover J, Amistadi MK. 2001. Reaction of forest floor organic matter at goethite, birnessite and smectite surfaces. |
| [27] |
Liu H, Li Y, Huangfu Z, Lu Q, Yang B, et al. 2024. Structure and molecular-level transformation for oxidation of effluent organic matters by manganese oxides. |
| [28] |
Zhang X, Zhou X, Ma Y, Zhang W, Zhang R, et al. 2025. Contrasting reaction of dissolved organic matter with birnessite induced by humic and fulvic acids in flooded paddy soil. |
| [29] |
Berg B, Davey MP, De Marco A, Emmett B, Faituri M, et al. 2010. Factors influencing limit values for pine needle litter decomposition: a synthesis for boreal and temperate pine forest systems. |
| [30] |
Keiluweit M, Nico P, Harmon ME, Mao J, Pett-Ridge J, et al. 2015. Long-term litter decomposition controlled by manganese redox cycling. |
| [31] |
Berg B, Steffen KT, McClaugherty C. 2007. Litter decomposition rate is dependent on litter Mn concentrations. |
| [32] |
Berg B, Erhagen B, Johansson MB, Nilsson M, Stendahl J, et al. 2015. Manganese in the litter fall-forest floor continuum of boreal and temperate pine and spruce forest ecosystems – a review. |
| [33] |
Xiao KQ, Zhao Y, Liang C, Zhao M, Moore OW, et al. 2023. Introducing the soil mineral carbon pump. |
| [34] |
Jiang F, Su H, Fu QL, Yang Z, Wang X, et al. 2025. Manganese oxides drive divergent fates of litter-derived DOM via pH-regulated oxidative decomposition and polymerization. |
| [35] |
Marhaba TF, Pu Y. 2000. Rapid delineation of humic and non-humic organic matter fractions in water. |
| [36] |
Estes ER, Andeer PF, Nordlund D, Wankel SD, Hansel CM. 2017. Biogenic manganese oxides as reservoirs of organic carbon and proteins in terrestrial and marine environments. |
| [37] |
Huang X, Dou Y, Yang B, Ding Y. 2025. Immobilization and release behaviors of uranium mediated by the redox processes between manganese oxides and dissolved organic matter: effects of pH and goethite. |
| [38] |
Huang X, Yang B, Dou Y, Ding Y. 2025. Coupled transformations of manganese and dissolved organic matter molecules during iron (oxyhydr)oxide-catalyzed oxidation of Mn(II). |
| [39] |
Swenson JT, Ginder-Vogel M, Remucal CK. 2024. Influence of divalent cation inhibition and dissolved organic matter enhancement on phenol oxidation kinetics by manganese oxides. |
| [40] |
Li Q, Hausladen DM. 2025. Impact of organic carbon-Mn oxide interactions on colloid stability and contaminant metals in aquatic environments. |
| [41] |
Qi H, Zhang A, Du Z, Wu J, Chen X, et al. 2021. δ-MnO2 changed the structure of humic-like acid during co-composting of chicken manure and rice straw. |
| [42] |
Zhang Y, Yue D, Wang X, Song W. 2019. Mechanism of oxidation and catalysis of organic matter abiotic humification in the presence of MnO2. |
| [43] |
Shi Y, Wang Z, Jia H, Li C. 2024. Insights into the transformation of dissolved organic matter and carbon preservation on a MnO2 surface: effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter. |
| [44] |
Banerjee D, Nesbitt HW. 1999. XPS study of reductive dissolution of birnessite by oxalate: rates and mechanistic aspects of dissolution and redox processes. |
| [45] |
Banerjee D, Nesbitt HW. 2001. XPS study of dissolution of birnessite by humate with constraints on reaction mechanism. |
| [46] |
Shaikh N, Taujale S, Zhang H, Artyushkova K, Ali AMS, et al. 2016. Spectroscopic investigation of interfacial interaction of manganese oxide with triclosan, aniline, and phenol. |
| [47] |
Shaikh N, Zhang H, Rasamani K, Artyushkova K, Ali AMS, et al. 2018. Reaction of bisphenol A with synthetic and commercial MnOx(s): spectroscopic and kinetic study. |
| [48] |
Zhang J, McKenna AM, Zhu M. 2021. Macromolecular characterization of compound selectivity for oxidation and oxidative alterations of dissolved organic matter by manganese oxide. |
| [49] |
Zou J, Huang J, Yue D, Zhang H. 2020. Roles of oxygen and Mn (IV) oxide in abiotic formation of humic substances by oxidative polymerization of polyphenol and amino acid. |
| [50] |
Wang Z, Jia H, Zhao H, Zhang R, Zhang C, et al. 2022. Oxygen limitation accelerates regeneration of active sites on a MnO2 surface: promoting transformation of organic matter and carbon preservation. |
| [51] |
Yang P, Lee S, Post JE, Xu H, Wang Q, et al. 2018. Trivalent manganese on vacancies triggers rapid transformation of layered to tunneled manganese oxides (TMOs): implications for occurrence of TMOs in low-temperature environment. |
| [52] |
Lefkowitz JP, Rouff AA, Elzinga EJ. 2013. Influence of pH on the reductive transformation of birnessite by aqueous Mn(II). |
| [53] |
Mandernack KW, Post J, Tebo BM. 1995. Manganese mineral formation by bacterial spores of the marine Bacillus, strain SG-1: evidence for the direct oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV). |
| [54] |
Tu S, Racz GJ, Goh TB. 1994. Transformations of synthetic birnessite as affected by pH and manganese concentration. |
| [55] |
Cornell RM, Giovanoli R. 1988. Transformation of hausmannite into birnessite in alkaline media. |
| [56] |
Hem JD, Lind CJ. 1983. Nonequilibrium models for predicting forms of precipitated manganese oxides. |
| [57] |
Leenheer JA, Wershaw RL, Reddy MM. 1995. Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures. |
| [58] |
Leenheer JA, Wershaw RL, Reddy MM. 1995. Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 2. Major structures. |
| [59] |
Perminova IV, Frimmel FH, Kudryavtsev AV, Kulikova NA, Abbt-Braun G, et al. 2003. Molecular weight characteristics of humic substances from different environments as determined by size exclusion chromatography and their statistical evaluation. |
| [60] |
Gaffney JS, Marley NA, Clark SB. 1996. Humic and Fulvic Acids: Isolation, Structure, and Environmental Role. USA: American Chemical Society. doi:10.1021/bk-1996-0651 |
| [61] |
He Z, Olk DC, Cade-Menun BJ. 2011. Forms and lability of phosphorus in humic acid fractions of Hord silt loam soil. |
| [62] |
Kuwatsuka S, Watanabe A, Itoh K, Arai S. 1992. Comparison of two methods of preparation of humic and fulvic acids, IHSS method and NAGOYA method. |
| [63] |
Weltje L, den Hollander W, Wolterbeek HT. 2003. Adsorption of metals to membrane filters in view of their speciation in nutrient solution. |
| [64] |
Hayashita T, Takagi M. 1985. Sorption and permeation behaviour of metal thiocyanate complexes on cellulose acetate polymers. |
| [65] |
Hammersley AP. 2016. FIT2D: a multi-purpose data reduction, analysis and visualization program. |
| [66] |
Qiu X, Thompson JW, Billinge SJL. 2004. PDFgetX2: a GUI-driven program to obtain the pair distribution function from X-ray powder diffraction data. |
| [67] |
Terban MW, Billinge SJL. 2022. Structural analysis of molecular materials using the pair distribution function. |
| [68] |
Ravel B, Newville M. 2005. ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. |
| [69] |
Manceau A, Marcus MA, Grangeon S. 2012. Determination of Mn valence states in mixed-valent manganates by XANES spectroscopy. |
| [70] |
De Haan H, Werlemark G, De Boer T. 1983. Effect of pH on molecular weight and size of fulvic acids in drainage water from peaty grassland in NW Netherlands. |
| [71] |
Peuravuori J, Pihlaja K. 1997. Molecular size distribution and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances. |
| [72] |
Flynn ED, Catalano JG. 2019. Reductive transformations of layered manganese oxides by small organic acids and the fate of trace metals. |
| [73] |
Villalobos M, Lanson B, Manceau A, Toner B, Sposito G. 2006. Structural model for the biogenic Mn oxide produced by Pseudomonas putida. |
| [74] |
Drits VA, Lanson B, Gaillot AC. 2007. Birnessite polytype systematics and identification by powder X-ray diffraction. |
| [75] |
Bastviken D, Persson L, Odham G, Tranvik L. 2004. Degradation of dissolved organic matter in oxic and anoxic lake water. |
| [76] |
Roginsky V, Barsukova T. 2000. Kinetics of oxidation of hydroquinones by molecular oxygen. Effect of superoxide dismutase. |
| [77] |
Hu S, Zheng L, Zhang H, Chen G, Yang Y, et al. 2023. Hematite-mediated Mn(II) abiotic oxidation under oxic conditions: pH effect and mineralization. |
| [78] |
Hem JD. 1981. Rates of manganese oxidation in aqueous systems. |
| [79] |
Morgan JJ. 2005. Kinetics of reaction between O2 and Mn(II) species in aqueous solutions. |
| [80] |
Kessick MA, Morgan JJ. 1975. Mechanism of autoxidation of manganese in aqueous solution. |
| [81] |
Bricker O. 1965. Some stability relations in the system Mn-O2-H2O at 25° and one atmosphere total pressure. American Mineralogist 50:1296−1354 |
| [82] |
Li Q, Huang X, Su G, Zheng M, Huang C, et al. 2018. The regular/persistent free radicals and associated reaction mechanism for the degradation of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene over different MnO2 polymorphs. |
| [83] |
Liu J, Chen Q, Yang Y, Wei H, Laipan M, et al. 2022. Coupled redox cycling of Fe and Mn in the environment: the complex interplay of solution species with Fe- and Mn-(oxyhydr)oxide crystallization and transformation. |
| [84] |
Wang Z, Jia H, Liu Z, Peng Z, Dai Y, et al. 2021. Greatly enhanced oxidative activity of δ-MnO2 to degrade organic pollutants driven by dominantly exposed {−111} facets. |
| [85] |
Hu E, Pan S, Zhang W, Zhao X, Liao B, et al. 2019. Impact of dissolved O2 on phenol oxidation by δ-MnO2. |
| [86] |
Lu X, Wang X, He H, Liu Q, Li J, et al. 2025. Bisphenol A degradation by manganese oxides at circumneutral pH: quantitative evaluation of dissolved Mn(III) species with pyrophosphate. |
| [87] |
Sun S, Wang Y, Zhou L, Wang X, Kang C. 2022. Enhanced degradation mechanism of tetracycline by MnO2 with the presence of organic acids. |
| [88] |
Hu E, Zhang Y, Wu S, Wu J, Liang L, et al. 2017. Role of dissolved Mn(III) in transformation of organic contaminants: non-oxidative versus oxidative mechanisms. |
| [89] |
Nico PS, Zasoski RJ. 2001. Mn(III) center availability as a rate controlling factor in the oxidation of phenol and sulfide on δ-MnO2. |
| [90] |
Huang J, Zhong S, Dai Y, Liu CC, Zhang H. 2018. Effect of MnO2 phase structure on the oxidative reactivity toward bisphenol A degradation. |
| [91] |
Li Q, Xie L, Jiang Y, Fortner JD, Yu K, et al. 2019. Formation and stability of NOM-Mn(III) colloids in aquatic environments. |
| [92] |
Klewicki JK, Morgan JJ. 1998. Kinetic behavior of Mn(III) complexes of pyrophosphate, EDTA, and citrate. |
| [93] |
Oldham VE, Mucci A, Tebo BM, Luther GW III. 2017. Soluble Mn(III)–L complexes are abundant in oxygenated waters and stabilized by humic ligands. |
| [94] |
Luther GW, Thibault de Chanvalon A, Oldham VE, Estes ER, Tebo BM, et al. 2018. Reduction of manganese oxides: thermodynamic, kinetic and mechanistic considerations for one- versus two-electron transfer steps. |
| [95] |
Wang L, Cheng H. 2015. Birnessite (δ-MnO2) mediated degradation of organoarsenic feed additive p-arsanilic acid. |
| [96] |
Lin K, Liu W, Gan J. 2009. Oxidative removal of bisphenol A by manganese dioxide: efficacy, products, and pathways. |
| [97] |
Page SE, Sander M, Arnold WA, McNeill K. 2012. Hydroxyl radical formation upon oxidation of reduced humic acids by oxygen in the dark. |
| [98] |
Zeng Q, Wang X, Liu X, Huang L, Hu J, et al. 2020. Mutual interactions between reduced Fe-bearing clay minerals and humic acids under dark, oxygenated conditions: hydroxyl radical generation and humic acid transformation. |
| [99] |
Inoué S, Yasuhara A, Ai H, Hochella MF Jr, Murayama M. 2019. Mn(II) oxidation catalyzed by nanohematite surfaces and manganite/hausmannite core-shell nanowire formation by self-catalytic reaction. |
| [100] |
Van Santen RA. 1984. The Ostwald step rule. |
| [101] |
Fritsch S, Post JE, Navrotsky A. 1997. Energetics of low-temperature polymorphs of manganese dioxide and oxyhydroxide. |
| [102] |
Adamčíková L, Krížová A, Valent I. 1993. Kinetics of the manganese(III)-oxalate reaction in acidic sulphate media. |
| [103] |
Barek J, Berka A, Hladíková A. 1979. Oxidation of organic substances with compounds of trivalent manganese: XIII. Oxidation of pyruvic acid with manganese(III) sulfate in a medium of sulfuric acid and with hexaquomanganese(III) ions in noncomplexing medium of perchloric acid. |
| [104] |
Kung KH, McBride MB. 1988. Electron transfer processes between hydroquinone and hausmannite (Mn3O4). |
| [105] |
Marshall AG, Hendrickson CL, Jackson GS. 1998. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: a primer. |
| [106] |
Kim S, Kramer RW, Hatcher PG. 2003. Graphical method for analysis of ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra of natural organic matter, the van Krevelen diagram. |
| [107] |
Stone AT. 1987. Microbial metabolites and the reductive dissolution of manganese oxides: oxalate and pyruvate. |
| [108] |
Wang Y, Stone AT. 2006. The citric acid–MnIII, IV O2(birnessite) reaction. Electron transfer, complex formation, and autocatalytic feedback. |
| [109] |
Xyla AG, Sulzberger B, Luther GW, III, Hering JG, Van Cappellen P, et al. 1992. Reductive dissolution of manganese(III, IV) (hydr)oxides by oxalate: the effect of pH and light. |
| [110] |
Feng XH, Zhai LM, Tan WF, Liu F, He JZ. 2007. Adsorption and redox reactions of heavy metals on synthesized Mn oxide minerals. |
| [111] |
Hulthe G, Hulth S, Hall POJ. 1998. Effect of oxygen on degradation rate of refractory and labile organic matter in continental margin sediments. |
| [112] |
García M, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. 2020. The wet oxidation of aqueous humic acids. |
| [113] |
Jefferson WA, Hu C, Liu H, Qu J. 2015. Reaction of aqueous Cu–Citrate with MnO2 birnessite: characterization of Mn dissolution, oxidation products and surface interactions. |
| [114] |
Mang C, Li G, Zhang X, Luo J, Jiang H, et al. 2022. Preparation of porous birnessite nanospheres derived from pyrolusite–pyrite acid leach solution and their evaluation as a catalyst for formaldehyde decomposition. |
| [115] |
Ritschel T, Totsche KU. 2023. Reductive transformation of birnessite by low-molecular-weight organic acids. |
| [116] |
Chen J, Han Z, Wang C, Liu H, Chen T, et al. 2025. Oxidative degradation of formaldehyde by birnessite: synergistic interaction of Mn(III) and oxygen vacancies. |
| [117] |
Zhang S, Lv J, Han R, Wang Z, Christie P, et al. 2021. Sustained production of superoxide radicals by manganese oxides under ambient dark conditions. |
| [118] |
Stone AT. 1987. Reductive dissolution of manganese(III/Iv) oxides by substituted phenols. |
| [119] |
Jokic A, Wang MC, Liu C, Frenkel AI, Huang PM. 2004. Integration of the polyphenol and Maillard reactions into a unified abiotic pathway for humification in nature: the role of δ-MnO2. |
| [120] |
Chang RR, Wang SL, Liu YT, Chan YT, Hung JT, et al. 2016. Interactions of the products of oxidative polymerization of hydroquinone as catalyzed by birnessite with Fe (hydr)oxides – an implication of the reactive pathway for humic substance formation. |
| [121] |
Ding Z, Ding Y, Liu F, Yang J, Li R, et al. 2022. Coupled sorption and oxidation of soil dissolved organic matter on manganese oxides: nano/sub-nanoscale distribution and molecular transformation. |
| [122] |
Ling X, Chen R, Dong B, Xu Z. 2026. Unraveling the mechanisms of abiotic humification mediated by manganese dioxide polymorphs: the dual roles of oxygen vacancies and surface Mn(III). |
| [123] |
Judd KE, Crump BC, Kling GW. 2007. Bacterial responses in activity and community composition to photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter from soil and surface waters. |
| [124] |
Tsuda K, Mori H, Asakawa D, Yanagi Y, Kodama H, et al. 2010. Characterization and grouping of aquatic fulvic acids isolated from clear-water rivers and lakes in Japan. |
| [125] |
Ma H, Allen HE, Yin Y. 2001. Characterization of isolated fractions of dissolved organic matter from natural waters and a wastewater effluent. |
| [126] |
Malcolm RL, Aiken GR, Bowles EG, Malcolm JD. 1989. Isolation of Fulvic and Humic Acids from the Suwannee River. In Humic substances in the Suwannee River, Georgia; interactions, properties, and proposed structures, eds. Averett RC, Leenheer JA, McKnight DM, Thorn KA. Report No. 87-557. Denver: U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 23–36 doi: 10.3133/ofr87557 |
| [127] |
Thurman EM, Malcolm RL. 1981. Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances. |
| [128] |
Atkins B, Kalu S, Li H. 2025. Characterizing the effect of pH and molecular structure on the reactions of catechol and hydroquinone with birnessite. |
| [129] |
Lehmann J, Kleber M. 2015. The contentious nature of soil organic matter. |
| [130] |
Wu P, Fu QL, Zhu XD, Liu C, Dang F, et al. 2020. Contrasting impacts of pH on the abiotic transformation of hydrochar-derived dissolved organic matter mediated by δ-MnO2. |