Search
2019 Volume 34
Article Contents
REVIEW   Open Access    

Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions

More Information
  • Abstract: Intelligent agents built on the basis of the BDI (belief–desire–intention) architecture are known as BDI agents. Currently, due to the increasing importance given to the affective capacities, they have evolved giving way to the BDI emotional agents. These agents are generally characterized by affective states such as emotions, mood or personality but sometimes also by affective capacities such as empathy or emotional regulation. In the paper, a review of the most relevant proposals to include emotional aspects in the design of BDI agents is presented. Both BDI formalizations and BDI architecture extensions are covered. From the review, common findings and good practices modeling affect, empathy and regulatory capacities in BDI agents, are extracted. In spite of the great advance in the area several, open questions remain and are also discussed in the paper.
  • 加载中
  • Adam , C., Gaudou , B., Herzig , A. & Longin , D.2006. OCC’s emotions: a formalization in a BDI logic. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications, 24–32. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar

    Adam , C., Herzig , A. & Longin , D.2009. A logical formalization of the OCC theory of emotions. Synthese168(2), 201–248.

    Google Scholar

    Alfonso , B., Vivancos , E. & Botti , V. J.2014. An open architecture for affective traits in a BDI agent. In Proceedings of the 6th ECTA. Part of the 6th IJCCI, 320–325. SCITEPRESS (Science and Technology Publications, Lda).

    Google Scholar

    Anderson , J. R.1993. Rules of the Mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar

    André , E., Klesen , M., Gebhard , P., Allen , S. & Rist , T.2000. Integrating models of personality and emotions into lifelike characters. In Affective Interactions, 150–165. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar

    Angie , A. D., Connelly , S., Waples , E. P. & Kligyte , V.2011. The influence of discrete emotions on judgement and decision-making: a meta-analytic review. Cognition & Emotion25(8), 1393–1422.

    Google Scholar

    Becker-Asano , C.2014. WASABI for affect simulation in human-computer interaction. In Proceeding International Workshop on Emotion Representations and Modelling for HCI Systems.

    Google Scholar

    Becker-Asano , C. & Wachsmuth , I.2008. Affect simulation with primary and secondary emotions. International Workshop on Intelligent.

    Google Scholar

    Becker-Asano , C. & Wachsmuth , I.2010. Affective computing with primary and secondary emotions in a virtual human. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems20(20), 32–49.

    Google Scholar

    Bevacqua , E., Mancini , M. & Pelachaud , C.2008. A listening agent exhibiting variable behaviour. In International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 262–269.

    Google Scholar

    Bevacqua , E., Prepin , K., Niewiadomski , R., de Sevin , E. & Pelachaud , C.2010. Greta: towards an interactive conversational virtual companion. Artificial Companions in Society: Perspectives on the Present and Future143–156.

    Google Scholar

    Bickmore , T. W., Utami , D., Matsuyama , R. & Paasche-Orlow , M. K.2016. Improving access to online health information with conversational agents: a randomized controlled experiment. Journal of Medical Internet Research18(1), e1.

    Google Scholar

    Blanchette , I. & Richards , A.2010. The influence of affect on higher level cognition: a review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning. Cognition & Emotion24(4), 561–595.

    Google Scholar

    Bosse , T. & Höhle , D.2011. Enhancing believability of virtual soccer players: application of a BDI-model with emotions and trust. In Developing Concepts in Applied Intelligence, Mehrotra , K. G., Mohan , C. O., Jae , C., Varshney , P. K. & Ali , M. (eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 119–128.

    Google Scholar

    Bosse , T., Jonker , C. M., Van Der Meij , L. & Treur , J.2007a. A language and environment for analysis of dynamics by simulation. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools16(3), 435–464.

    Google Scholar

    Bosse , T. & de Lange , F. P. J.2008. Development of virtual agents with a theory of emotion regulation. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, 2, 461–468. IEEE Computer Society.

    Google Scholar

    Bosse , T., Pontier , M. & Treur , J.2007b. A computational model for adaptive emotion regulation. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, ICCM, 7, 187–192. Taylor and Francis/Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar

    Bosse , T. & Zwanenburg , E.2009. There’s always hope: enhancing agent believability through expectation-based emotions. In Proceedings – 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops, ACII 2009, 1–8. IEEE.

    Google Scholar

    Boukricha , H. & Wachsmuth , I.2011. Empathy-based emotional alignment for a virtual human: a three-step approach. KI – Künstliche Intelligenz25(3), 195–204.

    Google Scholar

    Bratman , M.1987. Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Braubach , L., Lamersdorf , W. & Pokahr , A.2003. Jadex: implementing a BDI-infrastructure for JADE. EXP in Search of Innovation3(3), 76–85.

    Google Scholar

    Breazeal , C.2002. Designing Sociable Robots. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar

    Breazeal , C.2003. Emotion and sociable humanoid robots. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies59(1), 119–155.

    Google Scholar

    Broekens , J., DeGroot , D. & Kosters , W. A.2008. Formal models of appraisal: theory, specification, and computational model. Cognitive Systems Research9(3), 173–197.

    Google Scholar

    Camerer , C. F., Loewenstein , G. & Rabin , M.2003. Advances in Behavioral Economics. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Canamero , D.2000. Designing Emotions for Activity Selection. Technical report, University of Aarhus, Denmark.

    Google Scholar

    Carbonell , J. G.1980. Towards a process model of human personality traits. Artificial Intelligence15(1), 49–74.

    Google Scholar

    Carver , C. S., Scheier , M. F. & Weintraub , J. K.1989. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology56(2), 267.

    Google Scholar

    Castelfranchi , C.2000. Affective appraisal versus cognitive evaluation in social emotions and interactions. In Affective Interactions, Paiva , A. (ed.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 70–106.

    Google Scholar

    Castelfranchi , C. & Lorini , E.2003. Cognitive anatomy and functions of expectations. In IJCAI03 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling of Agents and Multi-Agent Interactions, 9–11. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

    Google Scholar

    Cochran , R. E.2006. Modeling emotion: arousal’s impact on memory. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1133–1138. Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar

    Cohen , P. R. & Levesque , H. J.1990. Intention is choice with commitment. Artificial Intelligence42(2–3), 213–261.

    Google Scholar

    Corchado , J. M., Pavón , E. S., Corchado , E. S. & Castillo , L. F.2004. Development of CBR-BDI agents: a tourist guide application. In European Conference on Case-based Reasoning, 547–559. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar

    Damasio , A.1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam (Grosset Books).

    Google Scholar

    Damasio , A. R.2005. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Penguin Group US.

    Google Scholar

    Dastani , M. & Lorini , E.2012. A logic of emotions: from appraisal to coping. In 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 1133–1140. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.

    Google Scholar

    Davis , M. H.1994. Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar

    Desmet , P.2015. Design for mood: twenty activity-based opportunities to design for mood regulation design. International Journal of Design9(2), 1–19.

    Google Scholar

    Dias , J., Mascarenhas , S. & Paiva , A.2014. Fatima modular: towards an agent architecture with a generic appraisal framework. In Emotion Modeling, Bosse , T., Broekens , J., Dias , J. & van der Zwaan , J. M. (eds). Springer International Publishing, 44–56.

    Google Scholar

    D’Inverno , M., Luck , M., Georgeff , M., Kinny , D. & Wooldridge , M.2004. The DMARS architecture: a specification of the distributed multi-agent reasoning system. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems9(1–2), 5–53.

    Google Scholar

    Dolan , R. J.2002. Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science298(5596), 1191–1194.

    Google Scholar

    Durupinar , F., Allbeck , J. M., Pelechano , N. & Badler , N. I.2008. Creating crowd variation with the OCEAN personality model. In 7th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2008), 3.

    Google Scholar

    Van Dyke Parunak , H., Bisson , R., Brueckner , S., Matthews , R. & Sauter , J.2006. A model of emotions for situated agents. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 993–995. ACM.

    Google Scholar

    Ekman , P., Friesen , W. V. & Ellsworth , P.1972. Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings. Elsevier.

    Google Scholar

    El-Nasr , M. S., Yen , J. & Ioerger , T. R.2000. Flame—fuzzy logic adaptive model of emotions. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems3(3), 219–257.

    Google Scholar

    Emonts , M., Row , R., Johnson , W. L., Thomson , E., De Silva Joyce , H., Gorman , L. G. & Carpenter , R.2012. Integration of social simulations into a task-based blended training curriculum. In Land Warfare Conference.

    Google Scholar

    Eysenck , H. J.1967. The Biological Basis of Personality, 689. Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar

    Eysenck , H. J.1991. Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3?—criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences12(8), 773–790.

    Google Scholar

    Folkman , S. & Lazarus , R. S.1980. An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior21(4), 219–239.

    Google Scholar

    Frijda , N. H.1986. The Emotions. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Frijda , N. H.1987. Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition & Emotion1(2), 115–143.

    Google Scholar

    Frijda , N. H., Manstead , A. S. R. & Bem , S.2000a. The influence of emotions on beliefs. In Emotions and Beliefs: How Feelings Influence Thoughts, Pergamon, 1–9.

    Google Scholar

    Frijda , N. H., Manstead , A. S. R. & Bem , S. (eds) 2000b. Emotions and Beliefs: How Feelings Influence Thoughts. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Frijda , N. H., Ortony , A., Sonnemans , J. & Clore , G. L.1992. The complexity of intensity: issues concerning the structure of emotion intensity. In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, No. 13. Emotion, Clark, M. S. (ed.). SAGE Publications, 60–89.

    Google Scholar

    Fum , D. & Stocco , A.2004. Memory, emotion, and rationality: an ACT-R interpretation for gambling task results. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, 106–111. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar

    Gazzaniga , M. S. & Heatherton , T. F.2006. Psychological Sciences: Mind, Brain, and Behavior, W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar

    Gebhard , P.2005. ALMA – a layered model of affect. In Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systemsent Systems, 29–36. ACM.

    Google Scholar

    Georgeff , M. P. & Lansky , A. L.1987. Reactive reasoning and planning. In Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-87), 87, 677–682.

    Google Scholar

    Gibson , L.2006. Mirrored emotion. The University of Chicago Magazine94(4), 1–9.

    Google Scholar

    Glore , G. L. & Gasper , K.2000. Feeling is believing: some affective influences on belief. In Emotions and Beliefs: How Feelings Influence Thoughts, Frijda , N. H., Manstead , A. S. R. & Bem , S. (eds). Cambridge University Press, 10–44.

    Google Scholar

    Gluz , J. & Jaques , P.2014. A probabilistic implementation of emotional BDI agents. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence, 121–129. SCITEPRESS – Science and and Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar

    Gluz , J. & Jaques , P. A.2017. A probabilistic formalization of the appraisal for the OCC event-based emotions. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research58(1), 627–664.

    Google Scholar

    Gratch , J. & Marsella , S.2004. A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion. Cognitive Systems Research5(4), 269–306.

    Google Scholar

    Green , O. H. & Green , O. H.1992. The Emotions: A Philosophical Theory, 53. Springer Science & Business Media.

    Google Scholar

    Gris , I., Rivera , D. A., Rayon , A., Camacho , A. & Novick , D.2016. Young merlin: an embodied conversational agent in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction – ICMI 2016, 425–426. ACM Press.

    Google Scholar

    Gross , J. J.1998. The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Review of General Psychology2(5), 271–299.

    Google Scholar

    Gunes , H., Schuller , B., Pantic , M. & Cowie , R.2011. Emotion representation, analysis and synthesis in continuous space: a survey. In Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and Workshops (FG 2011), 2011 IEEE International Conference, 817–834. IEEE.

    Google Scholar

    Hamburg , M. E., Finkenauer , C. & Schuengel , C.2014. Food for love: the role of food offering in empathic emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology5(32).

    Google Scholar

    Hernández , D. J., Déniz , O., Lorenzo , J. & Hernández , M.2004. BDIE: a BDI like architecture with emotional capabilities. In American Association for Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium.

    Google Scholar

    Herzig , A. & Longin , D.2004. C&L intention revisited. In Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning – KR, 527–535.

    Google Scholar

    Hindriks , K. V., De Boer , F. S., Van der Hoek , W. & Meyer , J.-J. Ch.1999. Agent programming in 3APL. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems2(4), 357–401.

    Google Scholar

    Hoffman , M. L.2000. Empathy and Moral Development. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Huber , M. J.1999. JAM: a BDI-theoretic mobile agent architecture. In Proceedings of the third annual conference on Autonomous Agents, 236–243. ACM.

    Google Scholar

    Hudlicka , E.1998. Modeling emotion within symbolic cognitive architectures. Technical Report FS-98-03, Papers from the 1998 AAAI Fall Symposium.

    Google Scholar

    Hudlicka , E.2004. Two Sides of Appraisal: Implementing Appraisal and Its Consequences within a Cognitive Architecture. AAAI Press.

    Google Scholar

    Hudlicka , E.2008. What are we modeling when we model emotion? In AAAI Spring Symposium: Emotion, Personality, and Social Behavior, 8.

    Google Scholar

    Hudlicka , E.2011. Guidelines for designing computational models of emotions. International Journal of Synthetic Emotions2(1), 26–79.

    Google Scholar

    Hughes , G. E. & Cresswell , M. J.1996. A New Introduction to Modal Logic. Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar

    Ingrand , F. F., Rao , A. S. & Georgeff , M. P.1992. An architecture for real-time reasoning and system control. IEEE Expert7(6), 33–44.

    Google Scholar

    Izard , C. E.1993. Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review100(1), 68–90.

    Google Scholar

    Jeon , M.2017. Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human–Computer Interaction. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar

    Jiang , H., Vidal , J. M. & Huhns , M. N.2007. EBDI: an architecture for emotional agents. In Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 5, 11. ACM.

    Google Scholar

    Jones , H., Saunier , J. & Lourdeaux , D.2009. Personality, emotions and physiology in a BDI agent architecture: the PEP→BDI model. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, 2, 263–266. IEEE Computer Society.

    Google Scholar

    Kleinginna , P. R. Jr & Kleinginna , A. M.1981. A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion5(4), 345–379.

    Google Scholar

    Kopp , S., Gesellensetter , L., Krämer , N. C. & Wachsmuth , I.2005. A conversational agent as museum guide – design and evaluation of a real-world application. In International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents, 329–343. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar

    Kuübler-Ross , E.2009. On Death and Dying: What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy and Their Own Families. Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar

    Laird , J. E., Newell , A. & Rosenbloom , P. S.1987. Soar: an architecture for general intelligence. Artificial Intelligence33(1), 1–64.

    Google Scholar

    Larsen , R. J.2000. Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry11(3), 129–141.

    Google Scholar

    Larsen , R. J. and Ketelaar , T.1989. Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures. Personality and Individual Differences10(12), 1221–1228.

    Google Scholar

    Larsen , R. J. & Ketelaar , T.1991. Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology61(1), 132–140.

    Google Scholar

    Lazarus , R. S.1991. Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Lazarus , R. S. & Folkman , S.1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar

    LeDoux , J. E.1996. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar

    Lejmi-Riahi , H., Kebair , F. & Said , L. B.2014. Agent decision-making under uncertainty: towards a new E-BDI agent architecture based on immediate and expected emotions. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering6(3), 254.

    Google Scholar

    Loewenstein , G. & Lerner , J.2003. The role of affect in decision making. Handbook of Affective Science619(642), 3.

    Google Scholar

    Lönnqvist , J. E., Verkasalo , M. & Walkowitz , G.2001. It pays to pay–big five personality influences on co-operative behaviour in an incentivized and hypothetical Prisoner’s dilemma game. Personality and Individual Differences50(2), 300–304.

    Google Scholar

    Marsella , S. C. & Gratch , J.2009. EMA: a process model of appraisal dynamics. Cognitive Systems Research10(1), 70–90.

    Google Scholar

    McCrae , R. R. & John , O. P.1992. An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality60(2), 175–215.

    Google Scholar

    McEachan , R. R. C., Sutton , S. & Myers , L.2010. Mediation of personality influences on physical activity within the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Health Psychology15(8), 1170–1180.

    Google Scholar

    McQuiggan , S. W. & Lester , J. C.2006. Learning empathy: a data-driven framework for modeling empathetic companion agents. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 961–968, edited by ACM.

    Google Scholar

    Mehrabian , A.1996a. Analysis of the big-five personality factors in terms of the PAD temperament model. Australian Journal of Psychology48(2), 86–92.

    Google Scholar

    Mehrabian , A.1996b. Pleasure-arousal-dominance: a general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. Current Psychology14(4), 261–292.

    Google Scholar

    Merenda , P. F.1987. Toward a four-factor theory of temperament and/or personality. Journal of Personality Assessment51(3), 367–374.

    Google Scholar

    Meyer , J. J. Ch. 2006. Reasoning about emotional agents. International Journal of Intelligent Systems21(6), 601–619.

    Google Scholar

    Meyer , J. J. Ch. & Van Der Hoek , W.2004. Epistemic Logic for AI and Computer Science. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Meyer , J. J. Ch., Van Der Hoek , W. & van Linder , B.1999. A logical approach to the dynamics of commitments. Artificial Intelligence113(1), 1–40.

    Google Scholar

    Moore , R. C.1980. Reasoning about knowledge and action. In SRI International.

    Google Scholar

    Morley , D. & Myers , K.2004. The SPARK agent framework. In Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2, 714–721. IEEE Computer Society.

    Google Scholar

    Neto , A. F. B. & da Silva , F. S. C.2012. A computer architecture for intelligent agents with personality and emotions. In Human-Computer Interaction: The Agency Perspective, 263–285. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar

    Neumann , R., Seibt , B. & Strack , F.2001. The influence of mood on the intensity of emotional responses: disentangling feeling and knowing. Cognition & Emotion15(6), 725–747.

    Google Scholar

    Newell , A.1994. Unified Theories of Cognition. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Niedenthal , P. M. & Setterlund , M. B.1994. Emotion congruence in perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin20(4), 401–411.

    Google Scholar

    Nunamaker Jr, J. F., Derrick , D. C., Elkins , A. C., Burgoon , J. K. & Patton , M. W.2011. Embodied conversational agent-based kiosk for automated interviewing. Journal of Management Information Systems28(1), 17–48.

    Google Scholar

    Oatley , K. & Jenkins , J. M.1996. Understanding Emotions. Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar

    Ochs , M., Paris , U., Pelachaud , C., Paris , U. & Sadek , D.2008. An empathic virtual dialog agent to improve human-machine interaction. In Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 1, 89–96. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.

    Google Scholar

    Ochs , M., Sadek , D. & Pelachaud , C.2010. A formal model of emotions for an empathic rational dialog agent. International Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems24(3), 410–440.

    Google Scholar

    Van Oijen , J., Van Doesburg , W. & Dignum , F.2011. Goal-based communication using BDI agents as virtual humans in training: an ontology driven dialogue system. In Agents for Games and Simulations II, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Dignum , F. (ed). Springer Verlag, 38–52.

    Google Scholar

    Ortony , A.2002. On making believable emotional agents believable. In Emotions in Humans and Artifacts, Trappl , R., Petta , P. & Payr , S. (eds). The MIT Press, 189–211.

    Google Scholar

    Ortony , A., Clore , G. L. & Collins , A.1990. The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Pacherie , E.2004. L’empathie et Ses Degrés. In L’empathie, sous la dir Berthoz , de A. & Jorland , G., 149–181. Editions Odile Jacob.

    Google Scholar

    Paiva , A., Dias , J., Sobral , D., Woods , S. & Hall , L.2004. Building empathic lifelike characters: the proximity factor. In Workshop on Empathic Agents, AAMAS, 4.

    Google Scholar

    Pereira , D., Oliveira , E., Moreira , N. & Sarmento , L.2005. Towards an architecture for emotional BDI agents. In EPIA 2005 12th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Universidade da Beira Interior, 40–46. IEEE.

    Google Scholar

    Pérez , J., Cerezo , E., Serón , F. J. & Rodríguez , L.-F.2016. A cognitive-affective architecture for ECAs. Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures18, 33–40.

    Google Scholar

    Plutchik , R.2001. The nature of emotions. American Scientist89(4), 344.

    Google Scholar

    Pollack , M. E. & Ringuette , M.1990. Introducing the tileworld: experimentally evaluating agent architectures. AAAI90, 183–189.

    Google Scholar

    Puica , M.-A. & Florea , A.-M.2013. Emotional belief-desire-intention agent model: previous work and proposed architecture. International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence(IJARAI)2(2), 1–8.

    Google Scholar

    Rao , A. S. & Georgeff , M. P.1992. An abstract architecture for rational agents. KR'92, 439–449.

    Google Scholar

    Rao , A. S.2009. AgentSpeak(L): BDI agents speak out in a logical computable language. In European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World, 42–55. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar

    Rao , A. S. & Georgeff , M. P.1995. BDI agents: from theory to practice. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiagent Systems (ICMAS95) 95, 312–319.

    Google Scholar

    Van Reekum , C. M.2000. Levels of Processing in Appraisal: Evidence from Computer Game Generated Emotions. University of Geneva.

    Google Scholar

    Reilly , W. S.1996. Believable Social and Emotional Agents. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science.

    Google Scholar

    Reisenzein , R.2006. Arnold’s theory of emotion in historical perspective. Cognition and Emotion20(7), 920–951.

    Google Scholar

    Reisenzein , R., Hudlicka , E., Dastani , M., Gratch , J., Hindriks , K., Lorini , E. & Meyer , J.-J. Ch.2013. Computational modeling of emotion: toward improving the inter- and intradisciplinary exchange. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing4(3), 246–266.

    Google Scholar

    Reisenzein , R. & Junge , M.2012. Language and emotion from the perspective of the computational belief-desire theory of emotion. Dynamicity in Emotion Concepts27, 37–59.

    Google Scholar

    Remington , N. A., Visser , P. S., Diener , E, Barrett , L. F., Green , D., Mayer , J., Rusting , C. & Watson , D.2000. Reexamining the circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology79(2), 286–300.

    Google Scholar

    Roseman , I. J. & Smith , C.2001. Appraisal Theory: Overview, Assumptions, Varieties, Controversies. In Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research, Oxford University Press, 3–19.

    Google Scholar

    Roseman , I. J., Spindel , M. S. & Jose , P. E.1990. Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology59(5), 899–915.

    Google Scholar

    Rosenbloom , P. S.2013. The sigma cognitive architecture and system. AISB Quarterly136, 4–13.

    Google Scholar

    De Rosis , F., Pelachaud , C., Poggi , I., Carofiglio , V. & De Carolis , B.2003. From Greta’s mind to her face: modelling the dynamics of affective states in a conversational embodied agent. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies59(1), 81–118.

    Google Scholar

    Russell , J. A.1980. A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology39(6), 1161–1178.

    Google Scholar

    Russell , S. J., Norvig , P., Canny , J. F., Malik , J. M. & Edwards , D. D.2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 2. Prentice hall.

    Google Scholar

    Scherer , K. R.1984. On the nature and function of emotion: a component process approach. In Approaches to Emotion, Scherer , K. R. & Ekman , P. E. (eds). Psychology Press, 2293, 317.

    Google Scholar

    Scherer , K. R.1988. Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: a review. In Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation, Hamilton V., Bower G.H. & Frijda N.H. (eds). Springer Netherlands, 89–126.

    Google Scholar

    Scherer , K. R.2000. Psychological models of emotion. The Neuropsychology of Emotion137(3), 137–162.

    Google Scholar

    Scholte , R. H. & De Bruyn , E. E.2004. Comparison of the giant three and the big five in early adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences36(6), 1353–1371.

    Google Scholar

    Schwarz , N. & Clore , G. L.1983. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology45(3), 513.

    Google Scholar

    Serenko , A., Bontis , N. & Detlor , B.2007. End-user adoption of animated interface agentsin everyday work applications. Behaviour & Information Technology26(2), 119–132.

    Google Scholar

    Sherer , K. R.1999. Appraisal theory. In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Dalgleish , T. & Power , M. (eds). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 637–663.

    Google Scholar

    Sloman , A.1998. Damasio, Descartes, alarms and meta-management. In SMC'98 Conference Proceedings. 1998 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 32652–2657.

    Google Scholar

    Sloman , A.2000. Architectural requirements for human-like agents both natural and artificial (what sorts of machines can love?). In Human Cognition And Social Agent Technology, Advances in Consciousness Research, Dautenhahn , K. (ed). John Benjamins, 163–195.

    Google Scholar

    Sloman , A.2002. How many separately evolved emotional beasties live within us?Emotions in Humans and Artifacts35–114.

    Google Scholar

    Smith , C. A. & Lazarus , R. S.1991. Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford Univertity.

    Google Scholar

    Soleimani , A. & Kobti , Z.2012. A mood driven computational model for gross emotion regulation process paradigm. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, 2.

    Google Scholar

    Steunebrink , B. R., Dastani , M. & Meyer , J. J. Ch. 2012. A formal model of emotion triggers: an approach for BDI Agents. Synthese185(1), 83–129.

    Google Scholar

    Van Straalen , B., Heylen , D., Theune , M. & Nijholt , A.2009. Enhancing embodied conversational agents with social and emotional capabilities. In Agents for Games and Simulations, Dignum, F., Bradshaw, J., Silverman, B.G. & van Doesburg, W. (eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 95–106.

    Google Scholar

    Thompson , R. A.1994. Emotion regulation: a theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development59(2–3), 25–52.

    Google Scholar

    Velásquez , J. D. & Maes , P.1997. Cathexis: a computational model of emotions. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 518–519. ACM Press.

    Google Scholar

    De Vignemont , F. & Singer , T.2006. The empathic brain: how, when and why?Trends in Cognitive Sciences10(10), 435–441.

    Google Scholar

    Watson , D. & Tellegen , A.1985. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin98(2), 219.

    Google Scholar

    Weiss , G. (ed) 1999. Multiagent Systems: A Modern Approach to Distributed Artificial Intelligence. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar

    Wiggins , J. S.2003. Paradigms of Personality Assessment. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar

    Winikoff , M.2005. JackTM intelligent agents: an industrial strength platform. In Multi-Agent Programming, Bordini, R., Dastani. M., Dix, J. & El Fallah Seghrouchni, A. (eds). Springer US, 175–193.

    Google Scholar

    Yu , C. W. & Choi , J. Y.2005. Behavior decision model based on emotion and dynamic personality. In Proceedings of ICCAS’05, Kintex, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.

    Google Scholar

    Zadra , J. R. & Clore , G. L.2011. Emotion and perception: the role of affective information. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science2(6), 676–185.

    Google Scholar

    Zajonc , R. B., Murphy , S. T. & Inglehart , M.1989. Feeling and facial efference: implications of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Review96(3), 395.

    Google Scholar

  • Cite this article

    Yanet Sánchez-López, Eva Cerezo. 2019. Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 34:122 doi: 10.1017/S0269888919000122
    Yanet Sánchez-López, Eva Cerezo. 2019. Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 34:122 doi: 10.1017/S0269888919000122

Article Metrics

Article views(12) PDF downloads(809)

Other Articles By Authors

REVIEW   Open Access    

Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions

The Knowledge Engineering Review  34 Article number: e26  (2019)  |  Cite this article

Abstract: Abstract: Intelligent agents built on the basis of the BDI (belief–desire–intention) architecture are known as BDI agents. Currently, due to the increasing importance given to the affective capacities, they have evolved giving way to the BDI emotional agents. These agents are generally characterized by affective states such as emotions, mood or personality but sometimes also by affective capacities such as empathy or emotional regulation. In the paper, a review of the most relevant proposals to include emotional aspects in the design of BDI agents is presented. Both BDI formalizations and BDI architecture extensions are covered. From the review, common findings and good practices modeling affect, empathy and regulatory capacities in BDI agents, are extracted. In spite of the great advance in the area several, open questions remain and are also discussed in the paper.

    • This work has been partly financed by the Aragonese Government and the UE through the FEDER 2014-2020 ‘Construyendo Europa desde Aragón’ action (Group T25_17D) and Banco Santander and Universidad de Zaragoza through a mobility grant for Latin American students. We want to thank psychologists Antonio Aguelo and Teresa Coma for the fruitful discussions about affect.

    • © Cambridge University Press, 2019 2019Cambridge University Press
References (165)
  • About this article
    Cite this article
    Yanet Sánchez-López, Eva Cerezo. 2019. Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 34:122 doi: 10.1017/S0269888919000122
    Yanet Sánchez-López, Eva Cerezo. 2019. Designing emotional BDI agents: good practices and open questions. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 34:122 doi: 10.1017/S0269888919000122
  • Catalog

      /

      DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
      Return
      Return