Figures (7)  Tables (2)
    • Figure 1. 

      Fruit profiles at defined peach developmental stages (scale bar = 1 cm).

    • Figure 2. 

      Length distributions of sRNAs of peaches in the libraries at 20 d post anthesis (DPA20), DPA50, and DPA75.

    • Figure 3. 

      Venn diagram of peach miRNAs among these libraries at DPA20, DPA50, and DPA75.

    • Figure 4. 

      Abundance of miRNA and its target genes at different peach developmental stages. Normalized sequenced read abundance, height = transcripts per kilobase million reads (TPM) on the y-axis. The histogram represents the abundance of miRNA target genes and the dot linked by a line represent the abundance of miRNA.

    • Figure 5. 

      Network analysis of miRNAs, targets, and GO terms involved in auxin signalling and fruit enlargement. Network analyses were performed using the Cytoscape network platform.

    • Figure 6. 

      Expression patterns of the four miRNAs identified and their target genes during fruit development and ripening; U6 and RPII were used as reference genes for miRNA and target genes, respectively.

    • Figure 7. 

      A schematic model of the proposed roles of miRNAs in the early development of peaches; T bars and arrows refer to negative and positive effects on downstream effectors or biological process, respectively; scale bar = 1 cm

    • miRNA ID miRNA sequences (5'-3') LT1 TPM2
      DPA20 DPA50 DPA75
      ppe-miR1511-5p CGUGGUAUCAGAGUCAUGUUA 21 154,692.1383 14,578.83618 17,587.11608
      ppe-miR1511-3p ACCUGGCUCUGAUACCAUAAC 21 21.90796464 20.71184303 44.79237715
      ppe-miR156a UGACAGAAGAAAGAGAGCAC 20 0 4.602631785 26.46822286
      ppe-miR156c UGACAGAAGAGAGUGAGCAC 20 0 16.10921125 22.39618858
      ppe-miR156f UGACAGAAGAUAGAGAGCAC 20 0 0 10.18008572
      ppe-miR159a UUUGGAUUGAAGGGAGCUCUA 21 217,885.6623 131,131.2809 98,590.05813
      ppe-miR159b CUUGGAUUGAAGGGAGCUCCA 21 381,669.606 15,059.8112 12,138.73421
      ppe-miR160a UGCCUGGCUCCCUGUAUGCCA 21 1,084.44425 333.6908044 177.1334915
      ppe-miR162 UCGAUAAACCUCUGCAUCCAG 21 9,792.860194 7,748.53061 4,200.303367
      ppe-miR164a UGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGUGCA 21 613.4230099 2,285.206681 804.2267716
      ppe-miR164d UGGAGAAGCAGGGCACAUGCU 21 10.95398232 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR166a UCGGACCAGGCUUCAUUCCCC 21 18,358.87437 7,847.487193 3,273.915566
      ppe-miR167a UGAAGCUGCCAGCAUGAUCUA 21 1,424.017702 352.1013315 677.9937087
      ppe-miR167c UGAAGCUGCCAGCAUGAUCUGA 22 3,768.169918 844.5829325 659.6695544
      ppe-miR167d UGAAGCUGCCAGCAUGAUCUUA 22 1,577.373454 342.896068 494.7521658
      ppe-miR168 UCGCUUGGUGCAGGUCGGGAA 21 492.9292044 92.0526357 89.5847543
      ppe-miR169f UAGCCAAGGAUGACUUGCCUGC 22 0 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR171b UUGAGCCGCGCCAAUAUCACU 21 120.4938055 23.01315892 30.54025715
      ppe-miR171d-5p UGUGAUAUUGGUUCGGUUCAUA 22 10.95398232 11.50657946 22.39618858
      ppe-miR171d-3p CGAGCCGAAUCAAUAUCACUC 21 10.95398232 4.602631785 16.28813715
      ppe-miR171e UUAUUGAACCGGACCAAUAUC 21 10.95398232 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR171f UGAUUGAGCCGUGCCAAUAUC 21 295.7575226 133.4763218 67.18856573
      ppe-miR171h UUGAGCCGCGUCAAUAUCUCC 21 635.3309746 211.7210621 24.43220572
      ppe-miR172a-3p AGAAUCUUGAUGAUGCUGCAU 21 120.4938055 20.71184303 12.21610286
      ppe-miR172c GGAAUCUUGAUGAUGCUGCAU 21 32.86194696 4.602631785 16.28813715
      ppe-miR172d GGAAUCUUGAUGAUGCUGCAG 21 65.72389392 2.301315892 4.072034287
      ppe-miR2111a UAAUCUGCAUCCUGAGGUUUA 21 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR319a UUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCCC 20 164.3097348 29.9171066 171.02544
      ppe-miR319b UAGCUGCCGAGUCAUUCAUCCA 22 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR319c UUUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCC 20 54.7699116 29.9171066 24.43220572
      ppe-miR319d CUUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCCC 21 251.9415934 20.71184303 16.28813715
      ppe-miR319e CUUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCCU 21 328.6194696 36.82105428 81.44068573
      ppe-miR319f UUUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCUC 21 109.5398232 126.5723741 77.36865144
      ppe-miR3627-5p UCGCAGGAGAGAUGGCACUGUC 22 43.81592928 6.903947677 2.036017143
      ppe-miR390 AAGCUCAGGAGGGAUAGCGCC 21 153.3557525 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR393a CAUCCAAAGGGAUCGCAUUGA 21 262.8955757 87.45000391 136.4131486
      ppe-miR393b UCCAAAGGGAUCGCAUUGAUC 21 306.711505 128.87369 215.8178172
      ppe-miR394a UUGGCAUUCUGUCCACCUCC 20 3,308.102661 3,516.410684 3,249.483361
      ppe-miR394b UUGGCAUUCUGUCCACCUCC 20 54.7699116 39.12237017 44.79237715
      ppe-miR395a-3p CUGAAGUGUUUGGGGGGACCC 21 898.2265503 2,908.863288 1,667.49804
      ppe-miR395c CUGAAGUGUUUGGGGGAACUC 21 65.72389392 174.9000078 215.8178172
      ppe-miR396a UUCCACAGCUUUCUUGAACGU 21 6,364.263728 59,399.2645 71,602.65089
      ppe-miR396b UUCCACAGCUUUCUUGAACUU 21 61,791.41427 484,650.223 540,299.9053
      ppe-miR396c UUCCACAGCUUUCUUGAACUG 21 12,421.81595 118,018.3829 109,040.9341
      ppe-miR397 UCAUUGAGUGCAGCGUUGAUG 21 43.81592928 85.14868802 46.8283943
      ppe-miR398a-5p GGAGCGACCUGGGAUCACAUG 21 6,484.757534 11,021.00181 2,640.714235
      ppe-miR398a-3p UGUGUUCUCAGGUCGCCCCUG 21 109.5398232 71.34079267 59.04449715
      ppe-miR398b CGUGUUCUCAGGUCGCCCCUG 21 1,654.05133 35,502.40027 37,275.40186
      ppe-miR398c UGUGUUCUCAGGUCACCCCUU 21 32.86194696 55.23158142 22.39618858
      ppe-miR399a CGCCAAAGGAGAGUUGCCCUU 21 0 34.51973839 114.01696
      ppe-miR399b UCUGCCAAAGGAGAAUUGCCC 21 32.86194696 27.61579071 73.29661716
      ppe-miR399c UGCCAAAGAAGAGUUGCCCUA 21 0 11.50657946 8.144068573
      ppe-miR403 UUAGAUUCACGCACAAACUCG 21 230.0336287 191.0092191 425.5275829
      ppe-miR477-5p ACUCUCCCUCAAAGGCUUCUAG 22 0 6.903947677 8.144068573
      ppe-miR477-3p CGAAGCCUUUGGGGAGAGUAA 21 87.63185856 561.5210778 486.6080972
      ppe-miR477a-3p GUUGGGGGCUCUUUUGGGACG 21 65.72389392 987.2645179 787.9386344
      ppe-miR477a-5p UCCCUCAAGGGCUCCCAAUAUU 22 0 64.43684499 103.8368743
      ppe-miR482a-3p UUUCCGAAACCUCCCAUUCCAA 22 3,833.893812 697.2987154 238.2140058
      ppe-miR482a-5p GGGUGAGAGGUUGCCGGAAAGA 22 449.1132751 98.95658337 42.75636001
      ppe-miR482b-5p GGAAUGGGAGGAUUGGGAAAA 21 12,750.43542 3,960.564651 2,972.585029
      ppe-miR482b-3p CUUCCCAAACCUCCCAUUCCUA 22 32.86194696 4.602631785 10.18008572
      ppe-miR482c-5p GGAAUGGGCUGUUUGGGAUG 20 755.8247801 409.6342289 191.3856115
      ppe-miR482c-3p UUCCCAAGCCCGCCCAUUCCAA 22 3,428.596466 554.6171301 555.8326801
      ppe-miR482e UUGCCUAUUCCUCCCAUGCCAA 22 942.0424795 849.1855643 572.1208173
      ppe-miR482f UCUUUCCUACUCCACCCAUUCC 22 8,839.863732 10,813.88338 16,467.30665
      ppe-miR5225-3p UCAUCUCUCCUCGACUGAA 19 21.90796464 0 0
      ppe-miR5225-5p UCUGUCGUAGGAGAGAUGGCGC 22 32.86194696 0 0
      ppe-miR530 UCUGCAUUUGCACCUGCACCU 21 87.63185856 23.01315892 30.54025715
      ppe-miR535a UGACAACGAGAGAGAGCACGC 21 76.67787624 62.1355291 12.21610286
      ppe-miR535b UGACGACGAGAGAGAGCACGC 21 197.1716818 186.4065873 77.36865144
      ppe-miR6257 UCUUAACUGUUGGAUUAGGCU 21 10.95398232 11.50657946 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6258 UUCCAGCUGUAAAGAUCAAGA 21 10.95398232 6.903947677 12.21610286
      ppe-miR6260 UGGAGUGAGAGAAUGGGAGGU 21 0 0 6.10805143
      ppe-miR6261 AAGUGAUUAUAUGGAGAAGCAC 22 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6263 AAGUGGACAAAAGGGGAGUGG 21 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6264 AUGCCUAUGGACACGUGUCAA 21 10.95398232 4.602631785 6.10805143
      ppe-miR6265 UUGAACUUUGACCCGAUUCGCAU 23 21.90796464 4.602631785 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6266a UAAAUGCAGGGGCAAAAUGAU 21 0 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR6267a UAGAGAGGUGGUACAAUUGUG 21 10.95398232 0 0
      ppe-miR6267c-5p AUUGCUGAUCACCUCUCUAAU 21 21.90796464 59.8342132 185.27756
      ppe-miR6267c-3p UAGAGAGAUGGUCAGCAAUGU 21 21.90796464 27.61579071 105.8728914
      ppe-miR6270 UUCUGGUAUUGGAAUUUCAUU 21 142.4017702 18.41052714 40.72034287
      ppe-miR6271 UCAAGAUUGAGAGAUAUAAUG 21 0 0 8.144068573
      ppe-miR6274b-5p AUUUCGACUAAUAACACAAUG 21 0 2.301315892 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6274b-3p UUGUGUUAUUGGCCGAAAAUAG 22 208.1256641 18.41052714 46.8283943
      ppe-miR6277 UGUGUGUGGAAAGAGCGAGAC 21 21.90796464 9.20526357 12.21610286
      ppe-miR6280 UUGGCAGUAAGAUUUUUGGUG 21 10.95398232 0 0
      ppe-miR6281 GUUAGAGAUAGAGAGAGUGAG 21 76.67787624 52.93026553 69.22458287
      ppe-miR6282 GUUGAUCGAUGUGGGAUGUUACA 23 10.95398232 0 0
      ppe-miR6283 CAAAAGGGGAGUGGGAAAAUC 21 21.90796464 0 0
      ppe-miR6284 UUUGGACCAUGGAUGAAGAUU 21 98.58584088 29.9171066 20.36017143
      ppe-miR6285 UAGUGAAGUUUGAAUUAGGGCU 22 0 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR6287 CAAGAAGUGGAAGUUUUGGGC 21 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6288a GAAAAUGACAAGUGGCUAGUU 21 0 2.301315892 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6288b-3p UCAAUUAGAAAAUGAUAAGUG 21 0 0 4.072034287
      ppe-miR6290 UGAAUGAGUUCAGAGAUCGUGUA 23 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6292 UAUCUUUUAAUCGUUAGAUCA 21 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR6293 UAAGAGGCUGAUGACUAAAAC 21 65.72389392 46.02631785 61.0805143
      ppe-miR6294 UGGUGUAGGCUAAUCACAAUC 21 32.86194696 20.71184303 42.75636001
      ppe-miR6295 GAGGACAGAAGAUGAUUCAGC 21 32.86194696 13.80789535 20.36017143
      ppe-miR6297a AAUAAUUUUUCGUCGCGCAAAAU 23 32.86194696 20.71184303 8.144068573
      ppe-miR6297b GAUGUAUUGUCGUCGCGCAAAGU 23 0 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR7122a-5p UUAUACAAUGAAAUCACGGCCG 22 251.9415934 69.03947677 83.47670287
      ppe-miR7122a-3p GCCGUGUUUCUUUGUAUAAAG 21 1,237.800002 1,456.73296 2,158.178172
      ppe-miR7122b-3p CCGUGUUUCCUUGUAUAAAG 20 0 2.301315892 8.144068573
      ppe-miR7122b-5p UUAUACAAUGAAAUCACGGUCG 22 32.86194696 46.02631785 140.4851829
      ppe-miR7125-3p CGAACUUAUUGCAACUAGCUU 21 0 27.61579071 8.144068573
      ppe-miR8122-5p UUCCACAGAUCUUUCCUCAUU 21 5,466.037178 1,233.505318 1,284.726817
      ppe-miR8122-3p UGAAGGAAGAUUUGUGGAAAG 21 887.2725679 667.3816088 637.2733658
      ppe-miR8124-3p UGGCACCAAUGAUACCAAGUUU 22 54.7699116 11.50657946 4.072034287
      ppe-miR8124-5p ACUUGGUAUCUUGGUGCCGGU 21 0 2.301315892 2.036017143
      ppe-miR8125 CAGGAAAGAAUGUGAUGAGUA 21 65.72389392 27.61579071 46.8283943
      ppe-miR8126-5p UCUGAGUCAGAUUACUGAAUA 21 10.95398232 4.602631785 8.144068573
      ppe-miR8126-3p UUCAGUAUUUUGACUCAGAA 20 21.90796464 23.01315892 42.75636001
      ppe-miR8127-3p UUCAAAGGGUACAUCCACAGU 21 10.95398232 0 0
      ppe-miR8128-5p AUUAGACCUCUCCCGACGAAA 21 21.90796464 43.72500196 63.11653144
      ppe-miR8128-3p UCGUGGGGAGAGAUCUAAUCG 21 0 0 4.072034287
      ppe-miR8130-5p GGGUUCCUUGUUGGAAGGACU 21 0 2.301315892 0
      ppe-miR8131-5p AUUUCAGCUAAGUUGAGUUGU 21 10.95398232 0 2.036017143
      ppe-miR8132 UCCAACGAUGGGUGACCACAA 21 10.95398232 2.301315892 10.18008572
      ppe-miR8133-5p UCCUGUGCGAACGUCCAGAAG 21 87.63185856 46.02631785 28.50424001
      ppe-miR8133-3p UAACUUCCGAACGUCCGCAUA 21 32.86194696 16.10921125 12.21610286
      ppe-miR827 UUAGAUGACCAUCAACAAACA 21 1,084.44425 409.6342289 309.4746058
      ppe-miR858 CUCGUUGUCUGUUCGACCUUG 21 10.95398232 4.602631785 2.036017143
      1 Length of miRNA; 2 the expression of transcripts per million.

      Table 1. 

      Characteristics of know miRNAs identified from DPA20, DAP50, and DPA75 libraries in peach fruit.

    • GO_IdGO_termmiRNADPA20_TPMDPA50_TPMDPA75_TPMTranscript_IDSymbolAnnoationDPA20_TPMDPA50_TPMDPA75_TPM
      GO:0009734Auxin-activated signaling pathwayppe-miR160a1,084.44425333.6908044177.1334915Prupe.1G507000_v2.0.a1ARF17Auxin response factor 32,936.9932492,693.3590615,571.987995
      Prupe.2G213000_v2.0.a1ARF18Auxin response factor 34,104.2597969,286.05885211,365.58915
      Prupe.6G102800_v2.0.a1ARF18Hypothetical protein78,884.62636112,477.890381,142.07518
      Prupe.6G236200_v2.0.a1ARF18Auxin response factor 310,806.62933,566.4897926,055.37568
      ppe-miR164a613.42300992,285.206681804.2267716Prupe.4G143600_v2.0.a1NAC021NAC domain-containing protein 89-like489.49887488,562.469855,160.4207
      ppe-miR164d10.953982322.3013158920Prupe.4G143600_v2.0.a1NAC021NAC domain-containing protein 89-like489.49887488,562.469855,160.4207
      ppe-miR167a1,424.017702352.1013315677.9937087Prupe.3G011800_v2.0.a1ARF8Auxin response factor 19-like1,845.034224,502.33156512,663.60908
      ppe-miR393a262.895575787.45000391136.4131486Prupe.3G311800_v2.0.a1AFB2Protein TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1-like0120.59816690
      Prupe.8G253300_v2.0.a1TIR1Hypothetical protein37.6537596120.5981669221.6131589
      ppe-miR393b306.711505128.87369215.8178172Prupe.3G311800_v2.0.a1AFB2Protein TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1-like4,367.8361139,848.85029719,406.98092
      Prupe.8G253300_v2.0.a1TIR1Hypothetical protein6,137.56281432,923.2995757,841.03448
      GO:0010928regulation of auxin mediated signaling pathwayppe-miR394b54.769911639.1223701744.79237715Prupe.1G224600_v2.0.a1FBX6978.99774954,140.5370647,408.211312
      ppe-miR394a3,308.1026613,516.4106843,249.483361Prupe.1G224600_v2.0.a1FBX6978.99774954,140.5370647,408.211312
      GO:0009733response to auxinppe-miR167a1424.017702352.1013315677.9937087Prupe.3G011800_v2.0.a1ARF8Auxin response factor 19-like1,845.034224,502.33156512,663.60908
      ppe-miR160a1,084.44425333.6908044177.1334915Prupe.2G213000_v2.0.a1ARF18Auxin response factor 34,104.2597969,286.05885211,365.58915
      Prupe.6G236200_v2.0.a1ARF18Auxin response factor 310,806.62933,566.4897926,055.37568
      ppe-miR85810.953982324.6026317852.036017143Prupe.7G201600_v2.0.a1C1Transcription factor MYB75-like040.19938897886.4526356
      ppe-miR166a18,358.874377,847.4871933,273.915566Prupe.1G447100_v2.0.a1ATHB-8414.19135562,170.7670042,421.915237
      ppe-miR319a164.309734829.9171066171.02544Prupe.4G171100_v2.0.a1PCF5112.9612788094.9770681
      GO:0060918Auxin transportppe-miR164d10.953982322.3013158920Prupe.1G413900_v2.0.a1SF2137.653759600
      GO:2000012Regulation of auxin polar transportppe-miR482d-3p000Prupe.8G259700_v2.0.a1OsI_027940Uncharacterized protein OsI_027940-like37.6537596120.598166931.6590227
      GO:0030154Cell differentiationppe-miR319c54.769911629.917106624.43220572Prupe.4G083500_v2.0.a1TCP20063.3180454
      ppe-miR319e328.619469636.8210542881.44068573Prupe.4G083500_v2.0.a1TCP20063.3180454
      ppe-miR164d10.953982322.3013158920Prupe.1G413900_v2.0.a1SF2137.653759600
      ppe-miR166a18,358.874377,847.4871933,273.915566Prupe.1G447100_v2.0.a1ATHB-8414.19135562,170.7670042,421.915237
      Prupe.3G060700_v2.0.a1ATHB-15414.19135562,170.7670042,421.915237
      Prupe.4G090100_v2.0.a1ATHB-14941.3439899924.5859463569.8624086
      Prupe.6G102300_v2.0.a1REV715.42143241,165.782281,677.928203
      ppe-miR171b120.493805523.0131589230.54025715Prupe.5G072300_v2.0.a1SCL6Hypothetical protein715.4214324442.1932787348.2492497
      ppe-miR171f295.7575226133.476321867.18856573Prupe.5G072300_v2.0.a1SCL6Hypothetical protein0241.19633381,171.38384
      ppe-miR171h635.3309746211.721062124.43220572Prupe.5G072300_v2.0.a1SCL6Hypothetical protein715.4214324442.1932787348.2492497
      ppe-miR172a-3p120.493805520.7118430312.21610286Prupe.6G091100_v2.0.a1RAP2-737.6537596200.9969448284.9312043
      Prupe.6G231700_v2.0.a1AP2Uncharacterized LOC106378603376.5375961,045.1841133,609.128588
      Prupe.6G242400_v2.0.a1AP20094.9770681
      ppe-miR172c32.861946964.60263178516.28813715Prupe.6G091100_v2.0.a1RAP2-737.6537596200.9969448284.9312043
      Prupe.6G231700_v2.0.a1AP2Uncharacterized LOC106378603376.5375961,045.1841133,609.128588
      Prupe.6G242400_v2.0.a1AP20094.9770681
      ppe-miR172d65.723893922.3013158924.072034287Prupe.6G091100_v2.0.a1RAP2-737.6537596200.9969448284.9312043
      Prupe.6G231700_v2.0.a1AP2Uncharacterized LOC106378603376.5375961,045.1841133,609.128588
      Prupe.6G242400_v2.0.a1AP20094.9770681
      ppe-miR319a164.309734829.9171066171.02544Prupe.3G124900_v2.0.a1TCP437.6537596063.3180454
      Prupe.4G083500_v2.0.a1TCP275.307519280.39877794664.8394767
      Prupe.4G171100_v2.0.a1PCF5112.9612788094.9770681
      ppe-miR396a6364.26372859399.264571602.65089Prupe.1G531300_v2.0.a1AGL24D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase093.79857426164.626918
      GO:0045597Positive regulation of cell differentiationppe-miR166a18,358.874377,847.4871933,273.915566Prupe.1G447100_v2.0.a1ATHB-8414.19135562,170.7670042,421.915237
      GO:0051301Cell divisionppe-miR160a1,084.44425333.6908044177.1334915Prupe.2G213000_v2.0.a1ARF18Auxin response factor 34,104.2597969,286.05885211,365.58915
      Prupe.6G102800_v2.0.a1ARF18Hypothetical protein78,884.62636112,477.890381,142.07518
      Prupe.6G236200_v2.0.a1ARF18Auxin response factor 310,806.62933,566.4897926,055.37568
      ppe-miR171b120.493805523.0131589230.54025715Prupe.2G138400_v2.0.a1SCL6DELLA protein GAI 137.653759600
      ppe-miR171h635.3309746211.721062124.43220572Prupe.2G138400_v2.0.a1SCL6DELLA protein GAI 137.653759600
      GO:0008284Positive regulation of cell proliferationppe-miR166a18,358.874377,847.4871933,273.915566Prupe.1G447100_v2.0.a1ATHB-8414.19135562,170.7670042,421.915237
      GO:0008285Negative regulation of cell proliferationppe-miR396a6,364.26372859,399.264571,602.65089Prupe.1G419000_v2.0.a1GRF61,242.5740676,070.1077344,558.899269
      ppe-miR396b61,791.41427484,650.223540,299.9053Prupe.1G419000_v2.0.a1GRF61,242.5740676,070.1077344,558.899269
      ppe-miR396c12,421.81595118,018.3829109,040.9341Prupe.1G419000_v2.0.a1GRF61,242.5740676,070.1077344,558.899269

      Table 2. 

      The miRNA, target genes, and GO terms information used for network analysis.