Effects of different superfine grinding pretreatments on the physicochemical and biological properties of <i>Poria cocos</i> powder and its polysaccharide

Figures (4) Tables (5)

Figure 1.
SEM micrographs of P. cocos powders with JM-treated and HPM-treated at different magnifications (500× and 2,000×).
Figure 2.
Physicochemical properties and structural characterization of ASPs. (a) Intrinsic viscosity. (b) Monosaccharide composition. Peak identity: Man, mannose; Rib, ribose; Rha, rhamnose; GlcA, glucuronic acid; GalA, galacturonic acid; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; Glc, glucose; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; Gal, galactose; Xyl, xylose; Ara, arabinose; Fuc, fucose. (c) FTIR. (d) XRD.
Figure 3.
Effect of GOS and ASPs on the prebiotic activity. (a) Proliferation of LGG after 48 h. (b) Proliferation of BB-12 after 48 h. (c) Growth curves of LGG over 48 h. (d) Growth curves of BB-12 over 48 h.
Figure 4.
Mobility quiescence fraction of JM-ASP and HPM-ASP in C. elegans exposed to different concentrations. Values are presented as the mean ± SD, and the data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 25.0, ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001, ^**** p < 0.0001, and ns (not significant) p > 0.05.

Sample	D₁₀ (μm)	D₅₀ (μm)	D₉₀ (μm)	Span
JM-treated	13.70 ± 0.01^a	31.60 ± 0.01^a	63.70 ± 0.01^a	1.58 ± 0.01^a
HPM-treated	22.47 ± 0.06^b	75.20 ± 0.09^b	149.20 ± 0.58^b	1.69 ± 0.01^b
Note: Different letters superscripted in the results were significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 1.

Particle size distribution of P.cocos powders.

Sample	L*	a*	b*	ΔE
JM-treated	85.15 ± 0.01^a	1.74 ± 0.01^a	9.96 ± 0.04^a	14.08 ± 0.04^a
HPM-treated	83.95 ± 0.10^b	2.03 ± 0.02^b	10.56 ± 0.07^b	14.31 ± 0.15^b
Different letters superscripted in the results were significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 2.

The color difference of P.cocos powders.

Sample	WHC (g·g⁻¹)	OHC (g·g⁻¹)	SC (mL g⁻¹)
JM-treated	3.47 ± 0.22^a	1.41 ± 0.01^a	3.41 ± 0.16^a
HPM-treated	6.95 ±0.27^b	3.46 ± 0.02^b	3.96 ± 0.11^b
Different letters superscripted in the results were significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 3.

Water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and swelling capacity (SC) of P. cocos powders.

	Extraction yield (%)	Total carbohydrate (%)	Protein (%)	Uronic acid (%)	Crystallinity index (%)
JM-ASP	78.75 ± 1.70^a	91.23 ± 0.24^a	0.91 ± 0.01^a	2.56 ± 0.11^a	14.20 ± 1.12^a
HPM-ASP	89.14 ± 4.67^b	94.56 ± 0.02^b	0.42 ± 0.02^b	2.23 ± 0.08^b	8.23 ± 0.85^b
Yield, (Weight of crude polysaccharide / Weight of P.cocos powder) × 100. Different letters superscripted in the results were significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 4.

The chemical compositions and crystallinity index of crude ASPs.

Monosaccharide composition (%)	JM-ASP	HPM-ASP
Mannose	0.510	0.170
Ribose	0.205	0.520
Glucuronic acid	1.348	1.304
Galacturonic acid	0.098	0.075
Glucose	97.537	97.775
Galactomannan	0.084	0.016
Xylose	0.093	0.032
Arabinose	0.080	0.056
Fucose	0.045	0.051

Table 5.

Monosaccharide composition of the crude ASPs.