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Figure 1. 

Correlation between genetics and epigenetics from a molecular structural perspective, highlighting major existing epigenetic mechanisms. Adapted from Meza-Menchaca et al.^[24].

Figure 2. 

Defining the conceptual boundaries between genetics and epigenetics through the lens of molecular biogenesis, highlighting key regulatory mechanisms that extend and reinterpret the central dogma of molecular biology.

Figure 3. 

Schematic overview of subcellularly localized epigenetic regulators. These include: (a) Transposons that interact bidirectionally with the genome, as well as toxins that influence the genome through a unidirectional pathway. (b) Four specific non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) present in the cytoplasm, which can interact with me messenger RNAs (mRNAs). (c) Five distinct ncRNAs that act within the nucleus and chromatin-modifying complexes.