Figures (4)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Bearded iris cultivars used in this study. Cultivar codes 1 to 17 correspond to the 17 bearded iris cultivars listed in Table 1. Bars = 1 cm.

    • Figure 2. 

      Population structure of 17 bearded iris cultivars. (a) Estimation of sub-population number. The left figure presents ln (data probability) vs K (2–10), and the right figure illustrates sub-population number against delta K. (b) Population structure analysis of 17 bearded iris cultivars. Cultivar codes 1 to 17 correspond to the 17 bearded iris cultivars listed in Table 1.

    • Figure 3. 

      Cluster analysis of 17 bearded iris cultivars. Cultivar codes 1 to 17 correspond to the 17 bearded iris cultivars listed in Table 1. The clustering was performed based on the genetic relationships revealed by SSR fluorescence molecular markers. Genetic clustering analysis was performed using NTSYSpc v2.10e, with dendrogram construction based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA).

    • Figure 4. 

      Quantile-quantile plot of the association analysis for the reblooming trait in bearded iris cultivars. (a) The generalized linear regression model (GLM). (b) The mixed linear model (MLM). RS, Reblooming Status; FD, Flower Diameter; PH, Plant Height.

    • Cultivar code Cultivar name Source location
      1* Antyrmn Gircys Ningbo, Zhejiang
      2* Antumn Encorc Ningbo, Zhejiang
      3* City Lights Ningbo, Zhejiang
      4* Donhle Your Ningbo, Zhejiang
      5* Earl of Essex Ningbo, Zhejiang
      6* Gnn Rayz Ningbo, Zhejiang
      7* I'll Be Back Ningbo, Zhejiang
      8* Peach Jam Ningbo, Zhejiang
      9* Victona Fall Ningbo, Zhejiang
      10 Black Beard Ningbo, Zhejiang
      11 Change of P Ningbo, Zhejiang
      12 Broad Way Star Ningbo, Zhejiang
      13 Berkeley Gold Ningbo, Zhejiang
      14 John Naa Ningbo, Zhejiang
      15 Sultan's Palace Ningbo, Zhejiang
      16 Fufted Cloud Ningbo, Zhejiang
      17 Tide'sim Ningbo, Zhejiang
      Cultivars marked with * are reblooming.

      Table 1. 

      Information on bearded iris cultivars in this study.

    • Primer name Repeat unit Repeat numbers PCR amplicon lengths (bp) Primer ID Primer Sequence (5'-3') F/R Fluorescent label
      P2S19 AC 2 173 P2S19-F TTGTAGCTCTGCAGAAGCCC 5-FAM
      P2S19-R CTGAATGATGCTCCGCAACG
      P2S45 AT 2 201 P2S45-F CGAGCTTGTGTCTCTCTTGC 5-FAM
      P2S45-R GGTGACACAACGAACAAGACA
      P2S48 AT 2 266 P2S48-F AGCCAGGCGGTTTCAACATA 5-FAM
      P2S48-R TCGTGCTTTCGAGACAAGCT
      P3S12 AAT 3 102 P3S12-F TGACGTGGACAACTGCATCA 5-FAM
      P3S12-R AACAGCCTCGCAAAGCCTAT
      P3S17 AAT 3 262 P3S17-F TCTGCTTCAAGGCTCCATGG 5-FAM
      P3S17-R AGGATCTTTATCAGGCCGCG
      P3S28 AGA 3 208 P3S28-F AGGAGCCAACCCGAATGAAG 5-FAM
      P3S28-R TTGAGGCCAAGGCACATGAT
      P3S30 AGA 3 162 P3S30-F TAGAACCACCCTCGTCACCT 5-FAM
      P3S30-R CCGAGGCCTTCTCAACGAAT
      P3S41 AGT 3 259 P3S41-F TGCTGTTACGCCTTCACCTT 5-FAM
      P3S41-R AATTCCTTCTCAGCCTGGCC

      Table 2. 

      Information on eight core SSR marker primers.

    • Marker Na Ho He Nei I PIC
      P2S19 5 0.5294 0.6934 0.6730 1.2830 0.6210
      P2S45 9 0.8095 0.8606 0.8401 1.9982 0.8226
      P2S48 5 0.3810 0.7619 0.7438 1.4294 0.6986
      P3S12 6 0.7619 0.5784 0.5646 1.1331 0.5235
      P3S17 3 0.1500 0.6808 0.6638 1.0943 0.5897
      P3S28 6 0.1579 0.7496 0.7299 1.4915 0.6916
      P3S30 4 0.4615 0.6062 0.5828 1.0232 0.5072
      P3S41 5 0.5556 0.6079 0.5910 1.1095 0.5279
      Mean 5 0.4759 0.6924 0.6737 1.3203 0.6228
      Note: Na, number of alleles; Ho, observed heterozygosity; He, expected heterozygosity; Nei, Nei's genetic distance; I, Shannon's information index; PIC, polymorphic information content.

      Table 3. 

      Genetic diversity analysis of bearded iris cultivars based on eight core SSR markers.

    • Band Cultivar
      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
      Band 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
      Band 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
      Band 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 6 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
      Band 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
      Band 9 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
      Band 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
      Band 12 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
      Band 14 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
      Band 15 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 18 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
      Band 19 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
      Band 20 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
      Band 21 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
      Band 22 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
      Band 23 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
      Band 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 25 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
      Band 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
      Band 28 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
      Band 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
      Band 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
      Band 33 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
      Band 34 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
      Band 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 37 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
      Band 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
      Band 39 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

      Table 4. 

      Binary (0,1) matrix representing molecular IDs of 17 bearded iris cultivars.

    • Cultivar code Reblooming statusa Flower diameter (cm)b Plant height (cm)c
      1 1 10.3 ± 0.3cde 61.8 ± 0.8cd
      2 1 10.2 ± 0.6cdef 70.2 ± 1.6bc
      3 1 10.3 ± 0.6cde 70.0 ± 16.6bc
      4 1 9.5 ± 0.1ef 42.3 ± 4.5e
      5 1 10.5 ± 0.4cde 62.0 ± 6.2bcd
      6 1 12.5 ± 0.7ab 77.7 ± 4.2b
      7 1 10.8 ± 0.5bcde 53.3 ± 4.8de
      8 1 11.0 ± 0.4bcde 92.3 ± 7.4a
      9 1 13.8 ± 0.9a 99.0 ± 9.2a
      10 0 10.0 ± 1.1def 66.3 ± 8.5bcd
      11 0 11.3 ± 0.6bcd 70.7 ± 1.7bc
      12 0 8.6 ± 0.3f 66.7 ± 1.8bcd
      13 0 11.5 ± 0.1bcd 62.0 ± 7.4bcd
      14 0 9.8 ± 1.7def 72.3 ± 1.2bc
      15 0 11.3 ± 0.2bcde 65.3 ± 1.7bcd
      16 0 11.7 ± 0.2bc 60.3 ± 2.5cd
      17 0 11.5 ± 0.4bcd 60.0 ± 6.4cd
      a 1 indicates a reblooming cultivar, while 0 indicates a once-flowering cultivar. b The average maximum flower diameter of three biological replicates. c The average maximum plant height of three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, following statistical analysis by ANOVA.

      Table 5. 

      Phenotypic traits of bearded iris cultivars during blooming.