Figures (4)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Biorefinery process for the value adding components.

    • Figure 2. 

      Coffee processing.

    • Figure 3. 

      Coffee biomass composition.

    • Figure 4. 

      Coffee biomass value added recovery processing.

    • Industry Product Major compounds Purpose of application Ref.
      Food, medical, and pharmaceutical production Beverage Chlorogenic acid Bioactive enrichment [72]
      Protocatechuic acid, gallic acid
      Rutin
      Dietary fiber
      Food colorant Anthocyanin
      (cyanidin-3-rutinoside)      		 Significant potential as an economic source of natural pigments [90,97]
      Antibacterial film Pectin Antibacterial film for biomedical and pharmaceutical fields [91]
      Biofilm Pectin-microcrystalline cellulose Edible film for food packaging [92]
      Chlorogenic acid Antimicrobial and antioxidant food packaging [93]
      Cellulose Biomedical and pharmaceutical fields [76,98]
      Cascara tea Polyphenols Bioactive enrichment [94]
      Bioethanol production Ethanol
      		 Sugar Sugar utilisation and using less water during the fermentation process [74]
      Dye/chemical production Novel highly hydrated cellulose microfibrils Cellulose Dyes removal from industrial wastewater
      		 [95]
      Feeding of animals Fish diets Sugar Effectiveness of bacteria treated-coffee pulp in fish diets [96]
      Various substrates Lignocellulosic Bio-circular approach for sustainability [99]

      Table 1. 

      Biorefinery applications of the value adding components from the coffee pulp.