Figures (2)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Number of zoysiagrass plants regenerated from seed-derived callus at different gibberellic acid (GA3) levels. ZRT1 = 1 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.2 mg·L−1 1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) + 0 mg·L−1 GA3 ZRT2 = 1 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.2 mg·L−1 1 NAA + 0.1 mg·L−1 GA3, and ZRT3 = 1 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.2 mg·L−1 1 NAA + 0.5 mg·L−1 GA3.

    • Figure 2. 

      Developmental stage of zoysiagrass regeneration from seed-derived callus. (a) Initial callus formation 14 d after inoculation (DAI). (b) Callus subculture growth (20 DAI). (c) Callus growth and transference to regeneration media (25 DAI). (d) Appearance of organized structures (30 DAI). (e) Leaf initiation (40 DAI). (f) Leaf growth (50 DAI). (g) Leave elongation (70 DAI). (h) Shoot transference to rooting medium (120 DAI). (i) Transfer into soil and greenhouse acclimation (150 DAI).

    • Treatment Hormone concentration (mg·L−1) Callus induction rate (%) LSD
      group      		 No. of callus larger than
      0.5 cm
      2,4-D 6-BA
      T1 1.00 0.00 33.3 bcd 3
      T2 1.00 0.01 22.2 cd 3
      T3 1.00 0.05 33.3 bcd 5
      T4 1.00 0.10 11.1 d 2
      T5 1.50 0.00 27.8 bcd 5
      T6 1.50 0.01 55.6 ab 9
      T7 1.50 0.05 66.7 a 7
      T8 1.50 0.10 44.4 abc 4
      T9 2.00 0.00 16.7 cd 3
      T10 2.00 0.01 22.2 cd 4
      T11 2.00 0.05 22.2 cd 3
      T12 2.00 0.10 22.2 cd 2
      T13 3.00 0.00 44.4 abc 6
      T14 3.00 0.01 44.4 abc 5
      T15 3.00 0.05 44.4 abc 4
      T16 3.00 0.10 38.9 abcd 5
      * Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Means in the top group of significance are highlighted in bold. Treatments consisted of a total of 18 seeds, divided in three replications. * mg·L−1 = milligrams per liter. * 2,4-D = 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. * 6-BA = 6-benzylaminopurine. * Number of callus larger than 0.5 cm = Total number in all three repetitions.

      Table 1. 

      Success rate and number of large calli means for 16 MS media treatments supplemented with different 2,4-D and BA concentrations for callus induction from zoysiagrass seeds.

    • Treatment Hormone concentration (mg·L−1) Initial
      measure
      (mm)      		 CGA28D NCGA28D CGA50D NCGA50D
      2,4-D 6-BA Mean
      (mm)      		 LSD group Mean
      (mm)      		 LSD group Mean
      (mm)      		 LSD group Mean
      (mm)      		 LSD group
      T1 1.00 0.00 2 4.8 efg 2.8 efg 5.0 bcde 2.2 cd
      T2 1.00 0.01 2 4.7 fgh 2.7 fgh 3.9 i 1.2 ef
      T3 1.00 0.05 2 5.2 cde 3.2 cde 4.0 hi 0.8 f
      T4 1.00 0.10 2 5.6 abc 3.6 abc 5.0 cdef 1.3 ef
      T5 1.50 0.00 2 5.4 bcd 3.4 bcd 5.3 abcd 1.9 de
      T6 1.50 0.01 2 5.6 abc 3.6 abc 4.2 ghi 0.6 f
      T7 1.50 0.05 2 5.2 cde 3.2 cde 4.3 efghi 1.1 ef
      T8 1.50 0.10 2 5.4 bcd 3.4 bcd 4.6 efghi 1.2 ef
      T9 2.00 0.00 2 5.8 ab 3.8 ab 5.5 abc 1.7 de
      T10 2.00 0.01 2 6.0 a 4.0 a 5.8 a 1.8 de
      T11 2.00 0.05 2 5.1 def 3.1 def 4.0 hi 0.9 f
      T12 2.00 0.10 2 5.1 def 3.1 def 4.3 fghi 1.2 ef
      T13 3.00 0.00 2 3.6 j 1.6 j 4.7 defgh 3.1 ab
      T14 3.00 0.01 2 4.4 ghi 2.4 ghi 5.7 ab 3.3 a
      T15 3.00 0.05 2 4.3 hi 2.3 hi 4.8 defg 2.5 bcd
      T16 3.00 0.10 2 4.1 i 2.1 i 4.9 cdef 2.8 abc
      * Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Means in the top group of significance are highlighted in bold. A total of 63 calli divided in seven replications. * 2,4-D = 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. * 6-BA = 6-benzylaminopurine. * CGA28D = callus growth after 28 d. * NCGA28D = net callus growth after 28 d minus the initial callus size of 2 mm. * CGA50D = callus growth after 50 d. * NCGA50D = net callus growth after 50 d minus the initial callus size of 2 mm.

      Table 2. 

      Callus growth rates 28 and 50 d after inoculation means for 17 MS media treatments supplemented with different 2,4-D and BA concentrations to evaluate zoysiagrass callus subculture.