Figures (5)  Tables (2)
    • Figure 1. 

      Preparation of crude extracts.

    • Figure 2. 

      Fractionation of dried crude extracts.

    • Figure 3. 

      FTIR spectra of fractions (a) F1, (b) F2, and (c) F3 originated from fungi no. 1 to 14.

    • Figure 4. 

      FTIR spectra of mycelia from fungi no. 1–7 after extractions.

    • Figure 5. 

      1H NMR and 1H, 13C HMQC spectra (600 MHz, CD3OD) of fractions F2 from the selected strains: the regions of (a) OCH, OCH2 protons in comparison with pure mannitol measured in D2O, (b) anomeric protons/carbons and aromatic protons. (c) Key signals of NMR spectra in the F2 fractions from Trichoderma sp. DBM4197 (no. 1) were annotated: aromatic protons (δ 7.15–7.35 ppm, Tyr/Phe), pyrone ring protons (δ 6.21 and 6.45 ppm, 6-substituted pyrones), olefinic protons (δ 5.80–6.00 ppm).

    • No. Fungal species Strains Sources
      1 Trichoderma sp. DBM4197 UCT Prague, Czech Republic
      2 Aspergillus oryzae DBM4336 UCT Prague, Czech Republic
      3 Botrytis cinerea DBM4208 UCT Prague, Czech Republic
      4 Stachybotrys chartarum DBM4297 UCT Prague, Czech Republic
      5 Fusicoccum aesculi MFLU10-0260 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      6 Fusicoccum aesculi MFLU10-0266 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      7 Chaetomium sp. MFLU10-0761 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      8 Ascomycete sp. 1 MFLU10-0282 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      9 Clonostachys rosea MFLU10-0261 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      10 Beltrania rhombica MFLU10-0293 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      11 Stachybotrys parvispora MFLU10-0292 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      12 Hyphomycetes sp. 1 MFLU10-0750 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      13 Hyphomycetes sp. 2 MFLU10-0755 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand
      14 Cladosporium sp. MFLU10-0280 MFLU Chiang Mai, Thailand

      Table 1. 

      Specification of the saprobic fungal strains.

    • NoFractionRatioaAntimicrobial activityb
      Gram-positiveGram-negative
      BCEFMLSASEECPASC
      1F10.215.8 ± 1.48−3.6 ± 1.14−1.2 ± 0.45−−−
      F20.335.4 ± 1.14−12.6 ± 1.95−1.6 ± 0.557.6 ± 1.955.6 ± 1.52−
      F30.46−−+−−−−−
      2F10.1221.0 ± 2.652.8 ± 0.843.6 ± 0.8913.4 ± 2.141.8 ± 0.84−−−
      F20.4411.4 ± 1.951.2 ± 0.451.2 ± 0.4511.6 ± 1.677.6 ± 1.671.4 ± 0.551.0 ± 0.00−
      F30.44−−−−−−−−
      3F10.08−−2.2 ± 0.45−−−−−
      F20.149.6 ± 1.675.6 ± 0.554.8 ± 0.455.0 ± 0.716.2 ± 1.105.4 ± 1.525.0 ± 0.00−
      F30.78−−−−−−−−
      4F10.18−3.6 ± 0.89−5.4 ± 0.89−−−−
      F20.806.2 ± 1.105.4 ± 1.522.8 ± 0.456.4 ± 0.892.0 ± 0.006.4 ± 1.346.2 ± 0.45−
      F30.0210.0 ± 0.00−−−−−−−
      5F10.07−−1.0 ± 0.00−1.0 ± 0.00−−−
      F20.735.6 ± 0.55−5.0 ± 0.00−−6.0 ± 0.719.0 ± 1.00−
      F30.21−−−−−−−−
      6F10.11−−−−−−−−
      F20.757.0 ± 0.00−−−−5.0 ± 0.00−−
      F30.144.6 ± 0.55−−2.0 ± 0.00−−−−
      7F10.097.6 ± 1.34−−−−−−−
      F20.665.6 ± 0.55−−−−−−−
      F30.25−−−−9.4 ± 0.891.0 ± 0.001.8 ± 0.45−
      8F10.34−−−6.8 ± 1.10−−−−
      F20.11−−−−−−−−
      F30.54−−−−−−−−
      9F10.215.0 ± 0.00−−−2.0 ± 0.00−−−
      F20.4610.8 ± 1.105.0 ± 0.002.0 ± 0.004.6 ± 0.559.6 ± 0.556.0 ± 1.22−4.6 ± 0.55
      F30.322.8 ± 0.45−−4.4 ± 0.555.0 ± 1.00−−−
      10F10.39−−−−−−−−
      F20.247.0 ± 1.22−−5.8 ± 0.455.0 ± 0.00−−−
      F30.37−−−−−−−−
      11F10.24−5.0 ± 0.001.0 ± 0.006.0 ± 0.712.0 ± 0.00−−−
      F20.5012.2 ± 1.793.0 ± 0.004.8 ± 0.845.0 ± 0.006.2 ± 0.45−3.0 ± 0.00−
      F30.26−−−−−−−−
      12F10.24−−−−−−−−
      F20.57−−5.0 ± 0.00−−−1.0 ± 0.00−
      F30.18−−2.8 ± 0.453.0 ± 0.00−−−−
      13F10.19−−−−−−−−
      F20.535.8 ± 0.45−2.0 ± 0.005.2 ± 0.45−−−−
      F30.29−−−5.0 ± 0.00−−−−
      14F10.11−5.0 ± 0.71−−−−−−
      F20.417.4 ± 0.895.0 ± 0.002.0 ± 0.005.4 ± 0.555.0 ± 0.00−2.0 ± 0.00−
      F30.48−−−−−−−−
      a Ratio of the mass of this fraction to the total mass of all isolated factions; + = presence of clear zone, − = absence of clear zone. b BC = B. cereus, EF = E. faecalis; ML = M. luteus; SA = S. aureus, SE = S. epidermidis, EC = E. cloacae, PA = P. aeruginosa, SC = S. cerevisiae.

      Table 2. 

      Antimicrobial activities of the fractions of crude fungal extracts against selected microorganisms.