Figures (5)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Schematic representation of the avoidance test assessing the effects of copper and glyphosate individually and in combination on earthworms' behavior in the presence and absence of biochar (0% and 1%).

    • Figure 2. 

      Percentage of avoidance/attraction (A%) in the behavioral test with E. fetida in the treatments without (Cu0) or with copper (Cu50, Cu100, Cu200) in the AS. Bars for each treatment followed by the same letter do not differ significantly according to the LSD test at the 5% probability level; vertical bars indicate standard errors (n = 5).

    • Figure 3. 

      Percentage of avoidance/attraction (A%) in the behavioral test with E. fetida in the treatments without (Gly0) and with glyphosate (Gly25, Gly50, Gly100) in the AS. Bars for each treatment followed by the same letter do not differ significantly according to the LSD test at the 5% probability level; vertical bars indicate standard errors (n = 5).

    • Figure 4. 

      Avoidance/attraction (A%) in the behavioral test with E. fetida in the treatments without (Gly0Cu0) or with glyphosate and copper (Gly25Cu50, Gly50Cu100, Gly100Cu200) in the AS. Bars for each treatment followed by the same letter do not differ significantly according to the LSD test at the 5% probability level; vertical bars indicate standard errors (n = 5).

    • Figure 5. 

      Avoidance (%) of E. fetida in the behavioral test under combined glyphosate and copper treatments (Gly50Cu100 and Gly100Cu200), with or without biochar 1% (w/w), in AS. Bars for each treatment followed by the same letter do not differ significantly according to the LSD test at the 5% probability level; vertical bars indicate standard errors (n = 5).

    • Compound Concentration range (mg kg−1)
      Cu 0, 50, 100, 200
      GFs 0, 25, 50, 100
      Cu : GFs 0, 50:25, 100:50, 200:100
      Cu : GFs_1% BioC 100:50_1% BioC, 200:100_1% BioC

      Table 1. 

      Range of concentrations for the individual and combined effects of the compounds under study