Figures (3)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      (a) The variance analysis, (b) radar chart construction, and (c) loading analysis of response values of floral scent components of C. × cartmanii 'Joe' under nine treatments using E-nose technology.

    • Figure 2. 

      (a) Fingerprint map construction, and (b) principal component analysis of floral fragrances from 97 Clematis varieties based on E-nose technology. The key groups were Viorna, Wild, Armandii, Integrifolia, and Late Large-Flowered groups.

    • Figure 3. 

      Radar charts of floral fragrance responses for eight groups of Clematis. (a) Viorna group; (b) Wild group; (c) Integrifolia group; (d) Late Large-Flowered group; (e) Viticella group; (f) Early Large-Flowered group; (g) Florida group; and (h) Texensis group.

    • No.Germplasm nameGroupNoGermplasm nameGroup
      1Clematis × cartmanii 'Joe'Forsteri group (one)50Clematis 'Sea Breeze'Viticella group (15)
      2Clematis 'Rōguchi'Integrifolia group (nine)51Clematis 'Dark Eyes'
      3Clematis 'Sizaia Ptitsa'52Clematis 'Astra Nova'
      4Clematis 'Hanajima'53Clematis 'Madame Julia Correvon'
      5Clematis 'Arabella'54Clematis 'Buckland Pixie'
      6Clematis 'East River'55Clematis 'Krakowiak'
      7Clematis 'Hakurē'56Clematis 'Emilia Plater'
      8Clematis 'Star River'57Clematis 'Étoile Violette'
      9Clematis 'Petit Faucon'58Clematis 'Rosalyn'
      10Clematis 'Inspiration'59Clematis viticella 'Betty Corning'
      11Clematis texensis 'Duchess of Albany'Texensis group
      (three)      		60Clematis 'Fairydust'
      12Clematis 'Gravetye Beauty'61Clematis × integrifolia 'Super Night'
      13Clematis 'Princess Diana'62Clematis 'Sunny Side'
      14Clematis 'Utopia'Florida group (nine)63Clematis 'Super Cute'
      15Clematis 'Alba Plena'64Clematis 'Bijou'Early Large-Flowered group (34)
      16Clematis florida 'Shamshel'65Clematis 'Guernsey Cream'
      17Clematis 'Shishimaru'66Clematis 'The Countess of Wessex'
      18Clematis 'Best Wishes'67Clematis 'Yukiokoshi'
      19Clematis 'Viennetta'68Clematis patens 'Ruriokoshi'
      20Clematis 'Cassis'69Clematis 'Doctor Ruppel'
      21Clematis 'Taiga'70Clematis 'Hakuokan'
      22Clematis 'Light Lnk'71Clematis 'Hayachine'
      23Clematis 'Rubens Superba'Montana group (one)72Clematis 'Parisienne'
      24Clematis 'Amethyst Beauty'Late Large-Flowered group
      (14)      		73Clematis 'Diamantina'
      25Clematis 'Lucky Charm'74Clematis 'Isabella'
      26Clematis' Moonfleet'75Clematis 'Moonglow'
      27Clematis 'Shimmer'76Clematis 'Ai-nor'
      28Clematis 'Reflections'77Clematis 'Samaritan Jo'
      29Clematis 'Polish Spirit'78Clematis 'HF Young'
      30Clematis 'Ville de Lyon'79Clematis 'Dorothy Tolver'
      31Clematis 'Comtesse de Bouchaud'80Clematis 'Giselle'
      32Clematis 'Grunwald'81Clematis 'Empress'
      33Clematis 'Danuta'82Clematis 'Viva Polonia'
      34Clematis 'Forever Friends'83Clematis 'Neva'
      35Clematis 'Ernest Markham'84Clematis 'Red Star'
      36Clematis 'Blue Angel'85Clematis 'Little Mermaid'
      37Clematis 'Basilisk'86Clematis 'Reiko'
      38Clematis 'Angel Pink'Viorna group
      (seven)      		87Clematis 'Blue Light'
      39Clematis 'Sonnette'88Clematis 'Haruhime'
      40Clematis 'Akanenotsubo'89Clematis 'Diamond Ball PBR'
      41Clematis 'Oshikiri'90Clematis 'Prinsesse Alexandra'
      42Clematis 'Odoriba'91Clematis 'Josephine'
      43Clematis 'Sophie'92Clematis 'Beautiful Bride'
      44Clematis 'Taigetsu'93Clematis 'Ooh La La'
      45Clematis 'Apple Blossom'Armandii group (one)94Clematis 'Lula'
      46Clematis finetianaWild group
      (three)      		95Clematis 'Bees Jubilee'
      47Clematis cadmia96Clematis 'Bernadine'
      48Clematis terniflora97Clematis 'Rosemoor'
      49Clematis 'Minamonoyousei'

      Table 1. 

      Names of 97 Clematis samples for testing.

    • Sensor no. Sensor name Sensitive components Reference
      1 W1C Aromatic components Toluene, C7H8
      2 W5C Highly sensitive to nitrogen oxides NO2
      3 W3C Ammonia water, sensitive to aromatic components Benzene
      4 W6S Mainly selective to hydrogen H2
      5 W5S Alkanes, aromatic components Propane, C3H8
      6 W1S Sensitive to methane CH3
      7 W1W Sensitive to sulfides H2S
      8 W2S Sensitive to ethanol CO
      9 W2W Aromatic components, sensitive to organic sulfides H2S
      10 W3S Sensitive to alkanes CH4

      Table 2. 

      Characteristics of E-nose sensors.

    • Level Flower stage (A) Samples temperature (B)/°C Equilibration time (C)/h
      1 Large bud stage 20 0.5
      2 Full flowering stage 40 2
      3 Late full flowering stage 60 6

      Table 3. 

      Factors and levels of the orthogonal design.

    • Sensors Level A (flowering stage) B (sample temperature) C (headspace equilibrium time)
      W1S 1 1.17 ± 0.05c 1.46 ± 0.04ab 1.53 ± 0.06a
      2 1.41 ± 0.10b 1.39 ± 0.04b 1.39 ± 0.04b
      3 1.77 ± 0.12a 1.50 ± 0.02a 1.43 ± 0.06ab
      Range 0.60 0.10 0.15
      W1W 1 1.17 ± 0.06b 1.52 ± 0.06 1.57 ± 0.10a
      2 1.39 ± 0.11b 1.42 ± 0.08 1.35 ± 0.01b
      3 1.82 ± 0.16a 1.44 ± 0.03 1.46 ± 0.08ab
      Range 0.66 0.10 0.22
      W2S 1 1.19 ± 0.04b 1.25 ± 0.02ab 1.27 ± 0.05
      2 1.27 ± 0.02a 1.24 ± 0.02b 1.22 ± 0.04
      3 1.32 ± 0.04a 1.28 ± 0.02a 1.28 ± 0.02
      Range 0.14 0.05 0.05
      W2W 1 1.18 ± 0.07c 1.65 ± 0.08 1.75 ± 0.09a
      2 1.50 ± 0.15b 1.57 ± 0.10 1.47 ± 0.01b
      3 2.15 ± 0.21a 1.59 ± 0.06 1.60 ± 0.12ab
      Range 0.97 0.08 0.28
      Different letters (a)–(c) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among different levels by Duncan's test.

      Table 4. 

      Different factors affecting the response of the E-nose.

    • Treatments Factors and levels Sensors
      A B C W1S W1W W2S W2W
      1 1 1 1 1.20 ± 0.06c 1.26 ± 0.12bcd 1.17 ± 0.05bc 1.27 ± 0.12cd
      2 1 2 2 1.09 ± 0.08c 1.07 ± 0.06d 1.13 ± 0.11c 1.07 ± 0.06d
      3 1 3 3 1.21 ± 0.09c 1.17 ± 0.07cd 1.25 ± 0.02ab 1.18 ± 0.08d
      4 2 1 2 1.37 ± 0.12bc 1.37 ± 0.16bcd 1.25 ± 0.04ab 1.44 ± 0.19bcd
      5 2 2 3 1.28 ± 0.09c 1.28 ± 0.09bcd 1.25 ± 0.03abc 1.36 ± 0.13cd
      6 2 3 1 1.58 ± 0.15ab 1.52 ± 0.14bc 1.30 ± 0.01a 1.69 ± 0.25bc
      7 3 1 3 1.80 ± 0.19a 1.93 ± 0.25a 1.33 ± 0.04a 2.25 ± 0.36a
      8 3 2 1 1.81 ± 0.28a 1.92 ± 0.37a 1.34 ± 0.10a 2.29 ± 0.47a
      9 3 3 2 1.70 ± 0.15a 1.63 ± 0.16ab 1.29 ± 0.05ab 1.90 ± 0.22ab
      Different letters (a)–(d) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among different levels by Duncan's test.

      Table 5. 

      Sensor response value analysis for C. × cartmanii 'Joe' under various factors and levels.