Figures (1)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Forest plot of adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with self-reported oxidative stress-related symptoms among participants (n = 426).

    • Variable Category Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
      Age (years) 18–25 260 61.0
      26–30 112 26.3
      > 30 54 12.7
      Gender Male 196 46.0
      Female 230 54.0
      Level of study Undergraduate 295 69.2
      Postgraduate 131 30.8
      Program Chemistry/science 240 56.3
      Medical-related 186 43.7

      Table 1. 

      Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents (n = 426)

    • Level Good, n (%) Moderate, n (%) Poor, n (%) Total χ2 df p-value
      Undergraduate 155 (52.5) 90 (30.5) 50 (17.0) 295
      Postgraduate 88 (67.2) 32 (24.4) 11 (8.4) 131 15.32 2 0.0005
      Total 243 (57.0) 122 (28.6) 61 (14.4) 426

      Table 2. 

      Knowledge level by academic status

    • Exposure status Symptoms present,
      n (%)      		 No symptoms,
      n (%)      		 Total
      Frequently exposed 210 (62.7) 125 (37.3) 335
      Less exposed 32 (35.2) 59 (64.8) 91
      Total 242 184 426
      Statistical analysis: χ2 = 22.30, df = 1, p < 0.0001.

      Table 3. 

      Association between chemical exposure and self-reported oxidative stress symptoms (n = 426)

    • Knowledge
      level      		 Good practice,
      n (%)      		 Poor/moderate,
      n (%)      		 Total χ2 df p-value
      Good 142 (58.4) 101 (41.6) 243
      Moderate 30 (24.6) 92 (75.4) 122 28.63 2 <0.0001
      Poor 8 (13.1) 53 (86.9) 61

      Table 4. 

      Association between knowledge level and laboratory safety practices

    • Variable Category Crude OR (95% CI) p-value AOR (95% CI) p-value
      Chemical exposure Less exposed (Ref.) 1.00 — 1.00 —
      Frequently exposed 3.10 (1.92–5.01) < 0.0001 2.84 (1.71–4.72) < 0.0001
      Dietary antioxidant intake High intake (Ref.) 1.00 — 1.00 —
      Moderate intake 1.29 (0.78–2.13) 0.311 1.21 (0.71–2.05) 0.467
      Low intake 2.76 (1.61–4.73) < 0.0001 2.31 (1.29–4.13) 0.004
      Gender Female (Ref.) 1.00 — 1.00 —
      Male 1.18 (0.77–1.81) 0.432 1.09 (0.69–1.72) 0.713
      Academic level Postgraduate (Ref.) 1.00 — 1.00 —
      Undergraduate 1.42 (0.88–2.29) 0.146 1.27 (0.76–2.10) 0.354
      Laboratory safety practice Good practice (Ref.) 1.00 — 1.00 —
      Moderate/poor practice 2.03 (1.29–3.18) 0.002 1.74 (1.07–2.83) 0.024
      Combined exposure–diet category Moderate/high diet + less exposure (Ref.) 1.00 — 1.00 —
      Low antioxidant intake + frequent exposure 3.12 (1.92–5.09) < 0.0001 2.96 (1.78–4.93) < 0.0001
      Model statistics Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test: p = 0.41; Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.28.

      Table 5. 

      Binary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with self-reported oxidative stress-related symptoms among participants (n = 426)