Efficacy of a stinging nettle (<i>Urtica</i> spp.)-based biopesticide for management of defoliating insect pests and foliar diseases in rice

Figures (2) Tables (3)

Figure 1.
Pearson correlation analysis of disease indices and grain yield.
Figure 2.
Principal Component Analysis of disease indices and grain yield.

		Leaf damage incidence (%)			Severity score (scale 1–5)
		Fumesua	Ejura		Fumesua	Ejura
Application interval	Weekly	29.93 ± 4.02^a	29.36 ± 8.10^a		2.99 ± 1.05^a	2.80 ± 1.30^a
Application interval	Bi-weekly	31.07 ± 9.93^a	25.71 ± 9.36^a		3.08 ± 1.16^a	2.73 ± 1.43^a
Application dose	Control at 0 mL·100 L⁻¹ water	66.43 ± 8.94^a	32.18 ± 6.56^a		5.25 ± 1.38^a	4.69 ± 1.12^a
	Adamfo Pa at 300 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	28.04 ± 8.03^b	17.41 ± 5.33^b		2.53 ± 0.13^b	2.74 ± 0.70^b
	Adamfo Pa at 400 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	21.59 ± 7.76^bc	14.44 ± 3.76^bc		2.50 ± 0.97^b	2.55 ± 0.83^bc
	Adamfo Pa at 500 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	18.80 ± 6.70^bc	11.94 ± 1.92^c		2.47 ± 0.91^b	2.02 ± 0.81^cd
	Reference biopesticide (Bypel)	17.64 ± 7.50^c	11.72 ± 4.12^c		2.42 ± 0.82^b	1.83 ± 0.96^d
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) values. Mean followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different according to Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 5% probability level.

Table 1.

Effect of Adamfo Pa on rice insect pests leaf damage, and severity.

		Rice blast			Brown leaf spot			Leaf scald
		Fumesua	Ejura		Fumesua	Ejura		Fumesua	Ejura
Application interval	Weekly	28.59 ± 16.9^a	27.33 ± 16.9^a		31.74 ± 13.6^a	26.33 ± 13.7^a		9.36 ± 11.5^a	9.00 ± 7.1^a
Application interval	Bi-weekly	20.90 ± 14.1^b	26.07 ± 17.6^a		28.90 ± 13.2^a	25.73 ± 17.1^a		6.90 ± 7.9^a	4.53 ± 5.3^a
Application dose	Control at 0 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	47.67 ± 16.9^a	57.67 ± 9.5^a		51.37 ± 10.3^a	54.67 ± 6.8^a		18.64 ± 11.7^a	14.17 ± 8.6^a
	Adamfo Pa at 300 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	18.75 ± 13.6^b	20.83 ± 4.9^b		28.50 ± 8.3^b	20.83 ± 2.0^b		8.50 ± 7.9^ab	5.50 ± 4.6^ab
	Adamfo Pa at 400 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	20.25 ± 5.4^b	18.33 ± 5.2^b		24.00 ± 7.0^b	18.00 ± 2.5^b		8.75 ± 8.3^ab	4.17 ± 4.9^ab
	Adamfo Pa at 500 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	16.54 ± 9.0^b	19.17 ± 5.9^b		24.97 ± 7.6^b	19.17 ± 6.6^b		2.26 ± 4.8^b	3.67 ± 3.0^ab
	Reference chemical (Mancozeb)	20.50 ± 5.5^b	17.50 ± 6.9^b		22.75 ± 4.8^b	17.50 ± 2.7^b		2.50 ± 4.6^b	3.33 ± 2.6^b
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) values. Means followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different according to Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 5% probability level.

Table 2.

Effect of Adamfo Pa on rice disease incidence.

	Grain yield (kg·ha⁻¹)
	Fumesua	Ejura
Application Interval
Weekly	5,497.00 ± 769.9^a	5,626.00 ± 904.7^a
Bi-weekly	5,655.00 ± 753.7^a	5,296.00 ± 786.1^b
Application dose
Control at 0 mL·100 L⁻¹ of water	4,539.00 ± 340.2^d	4,377.00 ± 39.4^c
Adamfo Pa at 300 mL·100 L⁻¹ water	5,266.00 ± 259.5^bc	5,105.00 ± 463.4^b
Adamfo Pa at 400 mL·100 L⁻¹ water	5,624.00 ± 312.9^b	5,463.00 ± 502.7^b
Adamfo Pa at 500 mL·100 L⁻¹ water	6,058.00 ± 669.3^ab	6,213.00 ± 1020.5^a
Reference biopesticide	6,394.00 ± 447.8^a	6,149.00 ± 741.3^a
Results are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) values. Means followed by the same letter(s) within a column are not significantly different according to Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at 5% probability level.

Table 3.

Effect of Adamfo Pa on rice grain yield.