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Figure 1. 

Flow chart of bibliometric analysis.

Figure 2. 

Number of publications on alternative proteins from 1905 to 2024. (a) Characterization of total 22,122 publications. (b) Publications in field of Biochemistry and Food. (c) Publications across the top eight WoS categories.

Figure 3. 

Co-occurrence network relationship regarding alternative proteins from different countries and institutions.

Figure 4. 

Research hotspots and keyword bursts. 'Begin' indicates the year in which a keyword first emerged, 'End' represents the year in which the burst ended, and 'Strength' reflects the burst intensity. The red timeline shows the duration of each keyword emergence.

Figure 5. 

Research evolution and main research directions (Created with MedPeer [medpeer.cn]).

Figure 6. 

Thematic Clustering using the BERTopic model. (a) Hierarchical clustering of 63 topics and their temporal distribution (1905−2024). The left panel shows the hierarchical clustering dendrogram of the identified BERTopic topics based on semantic similarity. Individual topic numbers are listed along the right side of the dendrogram. Colored branches and boxes indicate major thematic clusters, which were manually grouped and labeled as 14 broader topic groups. (b) Key trends prediction: (1) food and feed innovations: Clusters 1, 2, and 8; (2) agricultural advancements: Clusters 2, 3, 4, and 8; (3) biomedical applications: Clusters 6, 10, 11, 12, and 14; (4) niche area (e.g., neuroscience): Clusters 9, 11, and 14; (5) emerging technologies: Clusters 5, 6, and 13; (6) cross-disciplinary synergies: Clusters 4 and 7.