Tuning the formation of structural defects in metal–organic framework catalysts via linker engineering to boost the production of biomass-derived lactic acid

Figure 1.

(a) Schematic illustration of the solvothermal synthesis of MOF-74(Ni)-xSA. (b) XRD patterns of MOF-74(Ni)-xSA and simulated MOF-74(Ni). (c) N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms and (d) TG-DTG curves of MOF-74(Ni)-xSA samples.

Figure 2.

(a) Ni 2p and (b) O 1s XPS spectra of MOF-74(Ni), MOF-74(Ni)-25SA, and MOF-74(Ni)-50SA. (c) Electron paramagnetic resonance of MOF-74(Ni) and MOF-74(Ni)-50SA.

Figure 3.

Reaction profiles for the conversion of glucose with (a) MOF-74(Ni), (b) MOF-74(Ni)-25SA and (c) MOF-74(Ni)-50SA at 130 °C, 150 °C, and 170 °C. Reaction conditions: 100 mg of glucose, 0.4 MPa of N₂, and 10 mL of water.

Figure 4.

Catalytic conversion of glucose to LaA with other catalysts. Reaction conditions: 100 mg of the substrate, 10 mL of water, 170 °C, 4 h, and 0.4 MPa of N₂.

Figure 5.

Kinetics analysis of (a) MOF-74(Ni), (b) MOF-74(Ni)-25SA, and (c) MOF-74(Ni)-50SA during the conversion of glucose at 130 °C and 150 °C. (d) E_a of these three catalysts.

Figure 6.

(a) Reusability test of MOF-74(Ni)-50SA. (b) XRD patterns of fresh and recycled MOF-74(Ni)-50SA. (c) TEM image and (d) corresponding EDS elemental mappings of recycled MOF-74(Ni)-50SA.