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Figure 1.
Map of the study site at the LMET in Brgy. San Luis, Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines, showing the three collection habitats: riparian forest, secondary forest, and reforestation area (Source: imagery obtained from Google Earth).
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Figure 2.
Photographic view of the three study sites at the LMET in Brgy. San Luis, Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines: (a) riparian forest, (b) secondary forest, and (c) reforestation area.
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Figure 3.
Distribution of 129 morphospecies collected in the three habitat types in the months of: (a) July, (b) August, and (c) September.
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Figure 4.
Number of macrofungal species across different ecological variables at LMET, Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines.
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Figure 5.
Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination plots illustrating macrofungal community composition across (a) sampling areas and (b) collection months.
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Figure 6.
Representative specimens of the collected macrofungi: (a) Agaricus cf. moelleri, (b) Apioperdon pyriforme, (c) Auricularia auricula-judae, (d) Bovistella utriformis, (e) Ephemerocybe cf. impatiens, (f) Cytidia cf. salicina, (g) Cymatoderma caperatum, (h) Microporus xanthopus, (i) Schizophyllum commune, (j) Trametes cf. cinnabarina, and (k) Tremella fuciformis.
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Species Fruiting body Substrate Growth form Reported edibility Abortiporus cf. biennis Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[37] Agaricus cf. augustus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Edible[38] Agaricus cf. moelleri Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Inedible[27,39] Agaricus sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Agaricus cf. subrutilescens Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Edible[38] Amanita sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Apioperdon pyriforme Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious Edible[38] Auricularia auricula-judae Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[22,27,34,38,40] Auricularia cf. cornea Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[41] Auricularia nigricans Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[34] Bovistella utriformis Fleshy Soil Gregarious ND Byssomerulius sp. Woody Decaying wood Gregarious ND Calocybe cf. ionides Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Candolleomyces cf. candolleanus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Cerioporus cf. leptocephalus Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Cerrena cf. hydnoides Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Clitocybe cf. fragrans Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Edible[38] Collybia sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Collybiopsis sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Collybiopsis cf. subpruinosa Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Cookeina tricholoma Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary Edible[38] Coprinellus disseminatus Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Inedible[22,34] Coprinellus cf. micaceus Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[27,42] Crepidotus cf. applanatus Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[38] Crepidotus cf. epibryus Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Crepidotus cf. mollis Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[38] Cruentomycena cf. viscidocruenta Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Cyathus striatus Woody Decaying wood Gregarious Inedible[17,27] Cymatoderma caperatum Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Cytidia cf. salicina Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Daedaleopsis confragosa Woody Decaying wood Gregarious Inedible[17,34,43] Earliella scabrosa Woody Decaying wood Gregarious ND Entoloma cf. strictius Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Ephemerocybe cf. impatiens Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Favolus sp. Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Filoboletus manipularis Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Fuscoporia cf. gilva Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Ganoderma applanatum Woody Decaying wood Solitary Inedible[34,44] Ganoderma neojaponicum Woody Decaying wood Solitary Inedible[34] Geastrum saccatum Woody Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Gerronema cf. strombodes Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Gymnopilus cf. luteofolius Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Gymnopus cf. dryophilus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Gymnopus cf. foetidus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Gymnopus cf. iocephalus Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Hexagonia sp. Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Hygrocybe coccinea Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Edible[38] Hymenopellis cf. furfuracea Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Infundibulicybe cf. gibba Fleshy Soil Scattered ND Inocybe sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Laccaria laccata Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[34,38,45] Lacrymaria cf. lacrymabunda Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Lentaria cf. surculus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Lentinus sajor-caju Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Edible[17,34,38,46] Lepiota cf. atrodisca Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Lepiota cf. castanea Fleshy Soil Solitary Inedible[47] Lepiota cf. cristata Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered Inedible[48] Lepiota cf. phaeosticta Fleshy Stone with moss Scattered ND Lepiota cf. rubrotinctoides Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Leucocoprinus birnbaumii Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Inedible[34] Leucocoprinus cf. cepistipes Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Inedible[27] Leucocoprinus cf. fragilissimus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Inedible[27] Leucocoprinus cf. rubrotinctus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Leucocoprinus sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Macrolepiota cf. mastoidea Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Macrolepiota cf. procera Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Edible[38,49] Macrolepiota sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Marasmiellus candidus Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Inedible[27,34] Marasmiellus sp. Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Marasmius cf. capillaris Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Marasmius cf. haematocephalus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Marasmius cf. oreades Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Edible[38,50] Marasmius cf. rotula Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Inedible[17] Marasmius sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Marasmius cf. sullivantii Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Microporus sp. Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Microporus xanthopus Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Edible[34] Mucidula cf. mucida Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Mycena cf. galericulata Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered ND Mycena sp. 1 Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered ND Mycena sp. 2 Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered ND Nigroporus sp. Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Nigroporus cf. vinosus Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Parasola cf. plicatilis Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Phellinus sp. Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Phleogena cf. faginea Woody Decaying wood Gregarious ND Pleurotus djamor Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[34,38,51] Pleurotus ostreatus Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[38,52] Pleurotus sp. Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Pluteus cervinus Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Edible[34,38,53] Pluteus cf. plautus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Pluteus sp. Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered ND Polyporus sp. Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered ND Protohydnum cf. pululahuanum Fleshy Soil on rocks Scattered ND Psathyrella cf. patialensis Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Pseudofavolus tenuis Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Inedible[34] Psilocybe cf. cubensis Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Inedible[54] Psilocybe sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Pterula cf. multifida Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious ND Pycnoporus sp. Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Resupinatus sp. Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary ND Russula cf. betularum Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Russula cf. sanguinea Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary Edible[38] Schizophyllum commune Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Edible[17,27,34,55] Stereum lobatum Woody Decaying wood Gregarious Edible[22] Stereum ostrea Woody Decaying wood Gregarious Inedible[22,27,56] Stereum cf. versicolor Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Termitomyces cf. cartilaginous Fleshy Soil Solitary Edible[57] Termitomyces microcarpus Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Gregarious Edible[38,58] Termitomyces sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Trametes cf. cinnabarina Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Trametes cf. coccinea Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Trametes cf. gibbosa Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Trametes hirsuta Woody Decaying wood Gregarious Inedible[27,34] Trametes sp. 1 Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Trametes sp. 2 Woody Decaying wood Gregarious ND Trametes versicolor Woody Decaying wood Scattered Edible[38,59] Tremella fuciformis Fleshy Decaying wood Solitary Edible[38,60] Trichaleurina javanica Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Scattered ND Typhrasa cf. gossypina Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Vitreoporus cf. dichrous Fleshy Decaying wood Gregarious ND Volvopluteus sp. Fleshy Soil with leaf litter Solitary ND Xeromphalina cf. campanella Fleshy Decaying wood Scattered Edible[38] Xylaria cf. cubensis Woody Decaying wood Solitary ND Xylaria hypoxylon Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Xylaria cf. longipes Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Xylaria polymorpha Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Xylaria sp. 1 Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND Xylaria sp. 2 Woody Decaying wood Scattered ND ND: not determined due to uncertain taxonomic placement at the species level or the absence of authoritative data within a comprehensive database search. Disclaimer: edibility classifications are based on established mycological literature and reported regional use; however, they are provided for informational purposes only. This survey is not intended as a guide for foraging, and the authors assume no liability for the consumption of any macrofungi listed herein. Table 1.
Fruiting body characteristics, substrate, and edibility of the collected macrofungal species at LMET, Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines.
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Abundance Richness Diversity (H') Evenness Collection site RF 295 64 5.26 0.88 SF 379 74 5.60 0.90 RE 452 82 5.70 0.90 Overall 1,126 129 6.03 0.86 Collection month July 466 89 5.84 0.90 August 139 35 4.58 0.89 September 521 87 5.58 0.86 Overall 1,126 129 6.03 0.86 Table 2.
Measures of diversity using the Shannon–Weiner Diversity Index (H’) between collection sites and months.
Figures
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Tables
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