| [1] |
Sheeba Angel A, Jayaparvathy R. 2024. Modeling of emergency evacuation in high rise buildings considering congestion at stairs based on Markov chains. |
| [2] |
Zhang XL. 2021. The external insulation system will follow passive housing to achieve high-quality development under the guidance of the "Double Carbon" goal. |
| [3] |
Li M. 2022. Research on the pyrolysis kinetics inclined and discrete flame spread behaviors of PMMA. Thesis. University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China |
| [4] |
Liu SS. 2022. Emergency response to fire accidents in high-rise commercial and residential buildings. Proceedings of the 2022 Annual Symposium on Fire Fighting and Emergency Response Technology. pp. 98−100. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press |
| [5] |
Ronchi E, Nilsson D. 2013. Fire evacuation in high-rise buildings: a review of human behaviour and modelling research. |
| [6] |
Khalid Q, Lujak M, Fernández A, Doniec A. 2019. On the use of elevators during emergency evacuation. Proc. Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Special Sessions, 15th International Conference, eds Rodríguez S, Prieto J, Faria P, Kłos S, Fernández A, et al. Cham: Springer. Vol 801. pp. 149–56 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99608-0_17 |
| [7] |
Kinateder MT, Omori H, Kuligowski E. 2014. The use of elevators for evacuation in fire emergencies in international buildings. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| [8] |
Minegishi Y. 2024. Crowd management employing nudge theory for safe elevator use by people with mobility limitations during a high-rise building evacuation. |
| [9] |
Fang H, Wang Q, Qiu H, Yang C, Lo SM. 2023. Investigation of elevator-aided evacuation strategies for older people in high-rise elderly housing. |
| [10] |
Pauls JL. 1977. Management and movement of building occupants in emergencies. Thesis. National Research Council Canada, Division of Building Research, Canada |
| [11] |
Hammarberg J, Niva H, Mossberg A. 2020. Incorporation of elevator evacuation from a specific floor–a numerical study of an office building. |
| [12] |
Kinsey M, Galea E, Lawrence P. Investigating the use of elevators for high-rise building evacuation through computer simulation. Proc. 4th International Symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire 2009, Cambridge, 2009. London, UK: Interscience Communications Ltd. pp. 85–96 |
| [13] |
Gan TX, Lan B. 2013. A full-scale fire experiment-based study of pressurized air-blowing into elevator shaft. |
| [14] |
Li G, Yu T, Lu P. 2009. Exploring the feasibility of using elevators for the evacuation of people in the early stages of fires in high-rise buildings. China Safety Science Journal 19(05):96−102,77 |
| [15] |
Song WH, Wu D, Zhang YF. 2008. Feasibility study on the evacuation through elevators during the initial stage of high-rise building fire. |
| [16] |
Cai N, Chow WK. 2019. Numerical studies on fire hazards of elevator evacuation in supertall buildings. |
| [17] |
Chen Y, Chen J, Fu Z, Jiang SD, Chen L. 2018. Gas characteristics and effectiveness of smoke control systems in elevator lobbies during elevator evacuation in a high-rise building fire. |
| [18] |
Ronchi E, Nilsson D. 2014. Modelling total evacuation strategies for high-rise buildings. |
| [19] |
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2008. Changes to ICC building and fire codes - from FY 2008 NCST annual report. Available at: www.nist.gov/el/changes-icc-building-and-fire-codes-fy-2008-ncst-annual-report |
| [20] |
Bukowski RW, Li F. 2010. Using elevators in fires: elevators are a key component of new emergency egress strategy. Consulting Specifying Engineer. www.csemag.com/using-elevators-in-fires |
| [21] |
Shyam-Sunder S, Gann R, Grosshandler W, Lew H, Bukowski R, et al. 2005. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the world trade center disaster: final report of the national construction safety team on the collapses of the world trade center towers (NIST NCSTAR 1). National Institute of Standards and Technology, US. (Accessed October 9, 2025) doi: 10.6028/NIST.ncstar.1 |
| [22] |
Sekizawa A, Ebihara M, Notake H, Kubota K, Nakano M, et al. 1999. Occupants' behaviour in response to the high-rise apartments fire in Hiroshima City. |
| [23] |
Proulx G, Pineau J, Latour JC, Stewart L. 1995. Study of the occupants' behaviour during the 2 Forest Laneway fire in North York, Ontario January 6, 1995. Technical Report. National Research Council of Canada. 74 pp doi: 10.4224/20375960 |
| [24] |
Fang H, Qiu H, Lin P, Lo SM, Lo JTY. 2022. Towards a smart elevator-aided fire evacuation scheme in high-rise apartment buildings for elderly. |
| [25] |
Yan Z, Wang Y, Chao L. 2023. Simulation study on fire and evacuation of super high-rise commercial building. |
| [26] |
Yan Z, Wang Y, Chao L, Guo J. 2024. Study on evacuation strategy of commercial high-rise building under fire based on FDS and pathfinder. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 138(2):1077−102 |
| [27] |
Aleksandrov M, Cheng C, Rajabifard A, Kalantari M. 2019. Modelling and finding optimal evacuation strategy for tall buildings. |
| [28] |
Ma J, Lo SM, Song WG. 2012. Cellular automaton modeling approach for optimum ultra high-rise building evacuation design. |
| [29] |
Kinsey MJ, Galea ER, Lawrence PJ. 2012. Investigating evacuation lift dispatch strategies using computer modelling. Fire and Materials 36(5−6): 399−415 |
| [30] |
Mossberg A, Nilsson D, Frantzich H. 2022. Evaluating new evacuation systems related to human behaviour using a situational awareness approach–a study of the implementation of evacuation elevators in an underground facility. |
| [31] |
Huang J, Liu X, Ji Y, Song F, Jiang T, et al. 2025. An improved CA model for evacuation simulation in super high-rise buildings: considering evacuees' rest on refuge floors and preference for taking evacuation elevators. |
| [32] |
Gao X, Wang K, Yu H, Li H, Huang G, et al. 2025. Double-triangular-type channel design in elevator–staircase coordinated evacuation in high-rise buildings. |
| [33] |
Harding PJ, Amos M, Gwynne S. 2010. Prediction and mitigation of crush conditions in emergency evacuations. Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2008, eds Klingsch W, Rogsch C, Schadschneider A, Schreckenberg M. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 233−46 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-04504-2_18 |
| [34] |
Heyes E, Spearpoint M. 2012. Lifts for evacuation—human behaviour considerations. |
| [35] |
Ronchi E, Norén J, Delin M, Kuklane K, Halder A, et al. 2015. Ascending evacuation in long stairways: physical exertion, walking speed and behaviour. Report, Report_3192. Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University |
| [36] |
Helbing D, Molnár P. 1995. Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. |
| [37] |
Wang J, Jin B, Li J, Chen F, Wang Z, et al. 2019. Method for guiding crowd evacuation at exit: the buffer zone. |
| [38] |
Marzouk M, Al Daour I. 2018. Planning labor evacuation for construction sites using BIM and agent-based simulation. |
| [39] |
Cuesta A, Ronchi E, Gwynne SMV, Kinsey MJ, Hunt ALE, et al. 2017. School egress data: comparing the configuration and validation of five egress modelling tools. |
| [40] |
Zhou H. 2022. Study on the evacuation method of one-way and two-way flow of stairs andpedestrians based on Massmotion. Thesis. Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai |
| [41] |
Yang X, Zhao Q, Guo J. 2023. Optimization strategy of commercial complex entrance layer based on massmotion simulation research: taking intime creative city for example. |
| [42] |
Jia XH, Zhang B, Zhou JX, He JD. 2022. Research on the evacuation efficiency of kindergarten staircase based on MassMotion simulation. Contemporary Architecture 11:100−3 |
| [43] |
Zhai L. 2019. The comparison of total and phased evacuation strategies for a high-rise office building. Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA |
| [44] |
Yang H, Zhao D, Sun K, Liu Q, Zeng M, et al. 2020. High-rise dormitory simulation based on MassMotion and PyroSim. Fire Science and Technology 39(1):52−55 |
| [45] |
Li J, Wang J, Jin B, Wang Y, Zhi Y, et al. 2020. Evacuation of nursing home based on massmotion: effect of the distribution of dependent elderly. |
| [46] |
Ding Y, Yang L, Weng F, Fu Z, Rao P. 2015. Investigation of combined stairs elevators evacuation strategies for high rise buildings based on simulation. |
| [47] |
Li N, Wang D, Zheng F, Zhou T. 2025. The impact of staircase slope on upward evacuation efficiency. |