[1]

Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wu Z, Xiong X, Zhang J, et al. 2021. Subcutaneous and intramuscular fat transcriptomes show large differences in network organization and associations with adipose traits in pigs. Science China Life Sciences 64:1732−1746

doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1824-7
[2]

Chen C, Fang S, Wei H, He M, Fu H, et al. 2021. Prevotella copri increases fat accumulation in pigs fed with formula diets. Microbiome 9:175

doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01110-0
[3]

Van Melis MH, Eler JP, Rosa GJM, Ferraz JBS, Figueiredo LG, et al. 2010. Additive genetic relationships between scrotal circumference, heifer pregnancy, and stayability in Nellore cattle. Journal of Animal Science 88:3809−3813

doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2127
[4]

Kastelic JP. 2014. Understanding and evaluating bovine testes. Theriogenology 81:18−23

doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.001
[5]

Abba Y, Igbokwe IO. 2015. Testicular and related size evaluations in Nigerian Sahel goats with optimal cauda epididymal sperm reserve. Veterinary Medicine International 2015:357519

doi: 10.1155/2015/357519
[6]

Wang HY, Liu LX, Chen XY, Zhang YD, Li WX, et al. 2024. Comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiome and post-translational modifications elucidates the route involved in microbiota-host interactions. Zoological Research 45:95−107

doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.008
[7]

Chen C, Zhou Y, Fu H, Xiong X, Fang S, et al. 2021. Expanded catalog of microbial genes and metagenome-assembled genomes from the pig gut microbiome. Nature Communications 12:1106

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21295-0
[8]

Xu J, Wang H, Xu R, Li Q, Li L, et al. 2024. Daily fluctuation of Lactobacillus species and their antibiotic resistome in the colon of growing pigs. Science of The Total Environment 918:170821

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170821
[9]

Dubey I, Nandheeswari K, Vigneshwaran G, Rohilla G, Lalruatmawii, et al. 2024. Exploring the hypothetical links between environmental pollutants, diet, and the gut-testis axis: the potential role of microbes in male reproductive health. Reproductive Toxicology 130:108732

doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108732
[10]

Zacharis C, Bonos E, Giannenas I, Skoufos I, Tzora A, et al. 2023. Utilization of Tenebrio molitor larvae reared with different substrates as feed ingredients in growing pigs. Veterinary Sciences 10:393

doi: 10.3390/vetsci10060393
[11]

Guo L, Wu Y, Wang C, Wei H, Tan J, et al. 2020. Gut microbiological disorders reduce Semen utilization rate in duroc boars. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:581926

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581926
[12]

Zhou Y, Wei Z, Tan J, Sun H, Jiang H, et al. 2023. Alginate oligosaccharide extends the service lifespan by improving the sperm metabolome and gut microbiota in an aging Duroc boars model. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 13:1308484

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1308484
[13]

Li L, Lin W, Wang Z, Huang R, Xia H, et al. 2024. Hormone regulation in testicular development and function. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25:5805

doi: 10.3390/ijms25115805
[14]

Torres-Pitarch A, Gardiner GE, Cormican P, Rea M, Crispie F, et al. 2020. Effect of cereal fermentation and carbohydrase supplementation on growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota in liquid-fed grow-finishing pigs. Scientific Reports 10:13716

doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70443-x
[15]

Sethi S, Chaturvedi CM. 2010. Temporal phase relation of circadian neural oscillations as the basis of testicular maturation in mice: a test of a coincidence model. Journal of Biosciences 35:571−581

doi: 10.1007/s12038-010-0066-7
[16]

Huttenhower C, Gevers D, Knight R, Abubucker S, Badger JH, et al. 2012. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486:207−214

doi: 10.1038/nature11234
[17]

Magoč T, Salzberg SL. 2011. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 27:2957−2963

doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507
[18]

Haas BJ, Gevers D, Earl AM, Feldgarden M, Ward DV, et al. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. Genome Research 21:494−504

doi: 10.1101/gr.112730.110
[19]

Li M, Shao D, Zhou J, Gu J, Qin J, et al. 2020. Signatures within esophageal microbiota with progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 32:755−767

doi: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.06.09
[20]

Langille MGI, Zaneveld J, Caporaso JG, McDonald D, Knights D, et al. 2013. Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. Nature Biotechnology 31:814−821

doi: 10.1038/nbt.2676
[21]

Ugwu SOC, Onyimonyi AE, Foleng H. 2009. Testicular development and relationship between body weight, testis size and sperm output in tropical boars. African Journal of Biotechnology 8:1165−1169

[22]

Harada N, Hanaoka R, Hanada K, Izawa T, Inui H, et al. 2016. Hypogonadism alters cecal and fecal microbiota in male mice. Gut Microbes 7:533−539

doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1239680
[23]

Yan Z, Zheng Z, Xia T, Ni Z, Dou Y, et al. 2024. Causal relationship between gut microbiome and sex hormone-binding globulin: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 91:e13824

doi: 10.1111/aji.13824
[24]

Colldén H, Landin A, Wallenius V, Elebring E, Fändriks L, et al. 2019. The gut microbiota is a major regulator of androgen metabolism in intestinal contents. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 317:E1182−E1192

doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2019
[25]

Chen W, Zou H, Xu H, Cao R, Zhang H, et al. 2024. The potential influence and intervention measures of gut microbiota on sperm: it is time to focus on testis-gut microbiota axis. Frontiers in Microbiology 15:1478082

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1478082
[26]

Tang L, Yang X, Zhou M, Feng L, Ji C, et al. 2024. Inhibition of inosine metabolism of the gut microbiota decreases testosterone secretion in the testis. mSystems 9:e00138-24

doi: 10.1128/msystems.00138-24
[27]

Jiang X, Deng S, Lu N, Yao W, Xia D, et al. 2023. Fecal microbial composition associated with testosterone in the development of Meishan male pigs. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1257295

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257295
[28]

Dardmeh F, Alipour H, Gazerani P, van der Horst G, Brandsborg E, et al. 2017. Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01 (DSM 14870) supplementation affects markers of sperm kinematic parameters in a diet-induced obesity mice model. PLoS One 12:e0185964

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185964
[29]

Farahani L, Tharakan T, Yap T, Ramsay JW, Jayasena CN, et al. 2021. The semen microbiome and its impact on sperm function and male fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 9:115−144

doi: 10.1111/andr.12886
[30]

Mahiddine FY, You I, Park H, Kim MJ. 2022. Commensal lactobacilli enhance sperm qualitative parameters in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9:888023

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.888023
[31]

Mahiddine FY, You I, Park H, Kim MJ. 2023. Management of dog sperm parameters and gut microbiota composition with Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplementation. Veterinary Research Communications 47:1629−1640

doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10116-y
[32]

Li L, Wang H, Zhang N, Zhang T, Ma Y. 2022. Effects of α-glycerol monolaurate on intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Science 100:skac046

doi: 10.1093/jas/skac046
[33]

Zhang G, Zhi W, Ye F, Xiong D, Zhang Y, et al. 2024. Systematic analyses of the factors influencing sperm quality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scientific Reports 14:8132

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58797-y
[34]

Niu JL, Wei LQ, Luo YQ, Yang WT, Lu QC, et al. 2021. Fermented cottonseed meal improves production performance and reduces fat deposition in broiler chickens. Animal Bioscience 34:680−691

doi: 10.5713/ajas.20.0571
[35]

Bergamaschi M, Tiezzi F, Howard J, Huang YJ, Gray KA, et al. 2020. Gut microbiome composition differences among breeds impact feed efficiency in swine. Microbiome 8:110

doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00888-9
[36]

Lin Y, Wang K, Che L, Fang Z, Xu S, et al. 2022. The improvement of semen quality by dietary fiber intake is positively related with gut microbiota and SCFA in a boar model. Frontiers in Microbiology 13:863315

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863315
[37]

Song W, Song C, Li L, Wang T, Hu J, et al. 2021. Lactobacillus alleviated obesity induced by high-fat diet in mice. Journal of Food Science 86:5439−5451

doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15971
[38]

Zhang X, Akhtar M, Chen Y, Ma Z, Liang Y, et al. 2022. Chicken jejunal microbiota improves growth performance by mitigating intestinal inflammation. Microbiome 10:107

doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01299-8
[39]

Feng W, Ao H, Peng C. 2018. Gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and herbal medicines. Frontiers in Pharmacology 9:1354

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01354
[40]

Quan J, Cai G, Yang M, Zeng Z, Ding R, et al. 2019. Exploring the fecal microbial composition and metagenomic functional capacities associated with feed efficiency in commercial DLY pigs. Frontiers in Microbiology 10:52

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00052
[41]

Smith SB, Blackmon TL, Sawyer JE, Miller RK, Baber JR, et al. 2018. Glucose and acetate metabolism in bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues from steers infused with glucose, propionate, or acetate. Journal of Animal Science 96:921−929

doi: 10.1093/jas/sky017
[42]

Fabig G, Kiewisz R, Lindow N, Powers JA, Cota V, et al. 2020. Male meiotic spindle features that efficiently segregate paired and lagging chromosomes. eLife 9:e50988

doi: 10.7554/eLife.50988