[1]

Xiao J, Han J, Zhang C, Ling G, Kang F, et al. 2022. Dimensionality, function and performance of carbon materials in energy storage devices. Advanced Energy Materials 12:2100775

doi: 10.1002/aenm.202100775
[2]

Yu L, Chen X, Yao N, Gao YC, Yuan YH, et al. 2025. Advanced carbon as emerging energy materials in lithium batteries: a theoretical perspective. InfoMat 7(5):e12653

doi: 10.1002/inf2.12653
[3]

Yang X, He H, Lv T, Qiu J. 2023. Fabrication of biomass-based functional carbon materials for energy conversion and storage. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 154:100736

doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2023.100736
[4]

You S, Zhang Q, Liu J, Deng Q, Sun Z, et al. 2024. Hard carbon with an opened pore structure for enhanced sodium storage performance. Energy & Environmental Science 17:8189−8197

doi: 10.1039/D4EE02519A
[5]

Jiang X, Qiu Y. 2025. Biomass waste valorization: ambient synthesis of reduced graphene oxide. Chem 11:102443

doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2025.102443
[6]

Liu F, Li P, An H, Peng P, McLean B, et al. 2022. Achievements and challenges of graphene chemical vapor deposition growth. Advanced Functional Materials 32:2203191

doi: 10.1002/adfm.202203191
[7]

Li Z, Young RJ, Backes C, Zhao W, Zhang X, et al. 2020. Mechanisms of liquid-phase exfoliation for the production of graphene. ACS Nano 14:10976−10985

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03916
[8]

Shi W, Li Z, Gong Z, Liang Z, Liu H, et al. 2023. Transient and general synthesis of high-density and ultrasmall nanoparticles on two-dimensional porous carbon via coordinated carbothermal shock. Nature Communications 14:2294

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38023-5
[9]

Wang F, Wang CC, Yi S. 2024. Rational design and synthesis of metal-organic frameworks derivatives: a perspective on emerging techniques. Chemical Engineering Journal 495:153398

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.153398
[10]

Dong Q, Yao Y, Cheng S, Alexopoulos K, Gao J, et al. 2022. Programmable heating and quenching for efficient thermochemical synthesis. Nature 605:470−476

doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04568-6
[11]

Wang Y, Ding Z, Iqbal MA, Arif N, Li L, et al. 2024. Flash Joule heating technology in two-dimensional materials and beyond. FlatChem 48:100765

doi: 10.1016/j.flatc.2024.100765
[12]

Zhang L, Wang M, Jeon D, Meng Y, Lee SH, et al. 2025. Synthesis and properties of mirror-like large-grain graphite films. Nature Communications 16:7180

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-62227-6
[13]

Gao Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Lv R, Chen J, et al. 2025. Flash upcycling waste activated carbon into high-performance sodium-ion anodes via joule heating: dual regulation of microcrystals and pore configuration. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13:119267

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.119267
[14]

Luong DX, Bets KV, Algozeeb W, Stanford MG, Kittrell C, et al. 2020. Gram-scale bottom-up flash graphene synthesis. Nature 577:647−651

doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1938-0
[15]

Liao Y, Zhu R, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zhu H, et al. 2023. Ultrafast synthesis of novel coal-based graphene and its anticorrosion properties of epoxy/graphene nanocomposite coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings 184:107859

doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107859
[16]

Saadi MASR, Advincula PA, Thakur MSH, Khater AZ, Saad S, et al. 2022. Sustainable valorization of asphaltenes via flash joule heating. Science Advances 8:eadd3555

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add3555
[17]

Jiang F, Yao Y, Natarajan B, Yang C, Gao T, et al. 2019. Ultrahigh-temperature conversion of biomass to highly conductive graphitic carbon. Carbon 144:241−248

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.12.030
[18]

Advincula PA, Luong DX, Chen W, Raghuraman S, Shahsavari R, et al. 2021. Flash graphene from rubber waste. Carbon 178:649−656

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.020
[19]

Peng S, Li J, Xu Z. 2025. Reviewing graphene synthesis from carbon waste for energy storage applications. Cell Reports Physical Science 6:102979

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2025.102979
[20]

Li N, Liu J, Zeng W, Xu Y, Li J. 2024. Preparation of high thermal conductivity graphene films by rapid reduction with low energy consumption. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16:59015−59021

doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c10163
[21]

Wyss KM, Li JT, Advincula PA, Bets KV, Chen W, et al. 2023. Upcycling of waste plastic into hybrid carbon nanomaterials. Advanced Materials 35:2209621

doi: 10.1002/adma.202209621
[22]

Wang J, Wang C, Yang H, Zhang H, Jiang D, et al. 2025. Lightweight asymmetric C/SiC nanofiber film with conductive-dielectric gradient for adjustable electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon 235:120068

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120068
[23]

Dong Y, Rao Y, Liu H, Zhang H, Hu R, et al. 2024. Highly efficient chemical production via electrified, transient high-temperature synthesis. eScience 4:100253

doi: 10.1016/j.esci.2024.100253
[24]

Deng B, Eddy L, Wyss KM, Tiwary CS, Tour JM. 2025. Flash Joule heating for synthesis, upcycling and remediation. Nature Reviews Clean Technology 1:32−54

doi: 10.1038/s44359-024-00002-4
[25]

Hosny M, Elbay AS, Abdelfatah AM, El-Maghrabi N, Fawzy M. 2025. Recent trends in transforming different waste materials into graphene via Flash Joule Heating. Environmental Research 270:121033

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121033
[26]

de Andrade Martins R. 2022. Joule's 1840 manuscript on the production of heat by voltaic electricity. Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 76:117−154

doi: 10.1098/rsnr.2020.0027
[27]

Huang P, Guo Z, Li Z, Chen L, Liu WD, et al. 2025. Spatiotemporal evolution in hard carbon synthesis via electrothermal coupling strategy for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Advanced Materials 37:2507521

doi: 10.1002/adma.202507521
[28]

Wismann ST, Engbæk JS, Vendelbo SB, Bendixen FB, Eriksen WL, et al. 2019. Electrified methane reforming: a compact approach to greener industrial hydrogen production. Science 364:756−759

doi: 10.1126/science.aaw8775
[29]

Yang Y, Fang Y, Feng E, Jiang W, Zhang X, et al. 2025. Scalable, universal in situ self-heating chemical vapor deposition strategy for high-quality thick turbostratic graphene via combined twist–tilt configuration engineering. Journal of the American Chemical Society 147:43805−43815

doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c14727
[30]

Dong Q, Hu S, Hu L. 2024. Electrothermal synthesis of commodity chemicals. Nature Chemical Engineering 1:680−690

doi: 10.1038/s44286-024-00134-1
[31]

Mumtaz S, Nazir MA, Ahmad Shah SS, Thabet HK, El-Bahy ZM, et al. 2025. Recent progress in chemically functionalized heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 conversion by electro and photocatalysis: a review. Advanced Sustainable Systems 9:2400852

doi: 10.1002/adsu.202400852
[32]

Chen W, Li JT, Ge C, Yuan Z, Algozeeb WA, et al. 2022. Turbostratic boron–carbon–nitrogen and boron nitride by flash Joule heating. Advanced Materials 34:2202666

doi: 10.1002/adma.202202666
[33]

Pan Z, Shi X, Zhu Z, Tao X, Zhao X, et al. 2026. Joule heating for carbon material Synthesis: mechanisms, material evolution, and sustainable prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 226:116290

doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116290
[34]

Griffin A, Robertson M, Gunter Z, Coronado A, Xiang Y, et al. 2024. Design and application of joule heating processes for decarbonized chemical and advanced material synthesis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 63:19398−19417

doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c02460
[35]

Idamakanti M, Ledesma EB, Ratnakar RR, Harold MP, Balakotaiah V, et al. 2024. Electrified catalysts for endothermic chemical processes: materials needs, advances, and challenges. ACS Engineering Au 4(1):71−90

doi: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00051
[36]

Li Y, Zhang X, Liang Q. 2024. Electrothermal toluene oxidation by utilizing Joule heat from Pd/FeCrAl electrified metallic monolith catalyst. Applied Surface Science 658:159827

doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.159827
[37]

Zhao Z, Wu T, Li X, Chen Y, Meng X. 2025. Progress and perspectives of rapid Joule heating for the preparation of highly efficient catalysts. Materials Horizons 12:734−759

doi: 10.1039/D4MH01180E
[38]

Liao Y, Zhu R, Zhang W, Huang P, Sun Y, et al. 2023. Ultrafast synthesis of 3D porous flash graphene and its adsorption properties. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 676:132178

doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132178
[39]

Ma H, Yin M, Liu X, Liu B, Bai Y, et al. 2026. Mechanism of residue carbon formation in entrained-flow gasification fine slag: From the perspective of coal macerals. Fuel 405:136780

doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136780
[40]

Liu Y, Lin R, Guo B, Chen C, Wu Q, et al. 2025. Ultrafast Joule heating technology for functional nanomaterials synthesis: recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Materials Reports: Energy 5:100377

doi: 10.1016/j.matre.2025.100377
[41]

Huang P, Zhu R, Zhang X, Zhang W. 2022. Effect of free radicals and electric field on preparation of coal pitch-derived graphene using flash Joule heating. Chemical Engineering Journal 450:137999

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137999
[42]

Li Q, Wang Y, Zhu R, Wu J, Zhang W, et al. 2024. Rapid preparation of porous carbon by Flash Joule heating from bituminous coal and its adsorption mechanism of methylene blue. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 682:132900

doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132900
[43]

Wang R, Fan Y, Wang J, Li Y, Li X, et al. 2024. Synthesis of lignite-derived carbon materials for fast sodium-ion storage in a wide temperature range by ultrafast Joule heating. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 34:1281−1294

doi: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2024.11.002
[44]

Zhu S, Guan C, Wu Y, Ni J, Han G, et al. 2024. Upgraded structure and application of coal-based graphitic carbons through flash joule heating. Advanced Functional Materials 34:2403961

doi: 10.1002/adfm.202403961
[45]

Gu J, You Y, Liu M, Huang L, Sun Z, et al. 2025. Creating rich closed nanopores in anthracite-derived soft carbon enables greatly-enhanced sodium-ion storage in the low-working-voltage region. Chemical Engineering Journal 505:159331

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159331
[46]

Dong S, Song Y, Fang Y, Wang G, Gao Y, et al. 2024. Rapid carbonization of anthracite coal via flash joule heating for sodium ion storage. ACS Applied Energy Materials 7:11288−11296

doi: 10.1021/acsaem.3c02975
[47]

Dong Q, Lele AD, Zhao X, Li S, Cheng S, et al. 2023. Depolymerization of plastics by means of electrified spatiotemporal heating. Nature 616:488−494

doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05845-8
[48]

Gao N, Wang F, Quan C, Santamaria L, Lopez G, et al. 2022. Tire pyrolysis char: processes, properties, upgrading and applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 93:101022

doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101022
[49]

Wyss KM, Beckham JL, Chen W, Luong DX, Hundi P, et al. 2021. Converting plastic waste pyrolysis ash into flash graphene. Carbon 174:430−438

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.063
[50]

Towell SE, Ratushnyy M, Cooke LS, Lewis GM, Zhukhovitskiy AV. 2025. Deconstruction of rubber via C−H amination and aza-Cope rearrangement. Nature 640:384−389

doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08716-6
[51]

Li Z, Deng L, Kinloch IA, Young RJ. 2023. Raman spectroscopy of carbon materials and their composites: graphene, nanotubes and fibres. Progress in Materials Science 135:101089

doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101089
[52]

Zhang M, Hong D, Xu T, Zhang Y, Sun M, et al. 2025. The graphene formation via flash Joule heating: the effect of cooling rate. Energy 337:138673

doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138673
[53]

Wang C, Wang B, Su X, He R. 2024. Synthesis of graphene from waste rubber powder based on flash joule heating method and its influence on the performance of cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials 451:138871

doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138871
[54]

Zhou Z, Wang S, Wen B, Xiao J, Yang G, et al. 2024. Waste tire-derived graphene modified carbon as anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Materials Today Sustainability 27:100874

doi: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100874
[55]

Wyss KM, Chen W, Beckham JL, Savas PE, Tour JM. 2022. Holey and wrinkled flash graphene from mixed plastic waste. ACS Nano 16:7804−7815

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00379
[56]

Liu Z, Gu J, Liu G, Wu Y, Tian S, et al. 2025. High-performance phosphate cathode from revitalizing spent battery slag via Joule heating. Matter 8:102322

doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2025.102322
[57]

Ma X, Chen M, Chen B, Meng Z, Wang Y. 2019. High-performance graphite recovered from spent lithium-ion batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7:19732−19738

doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05003
[58]

Gao Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Jing Q, Ma B, et al. 2020. Graphite recycling from the spent lithium-ion batteries by sulfuric acid curing–leaching combined with high-temperature calcination. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8:9447−9455

doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02321
[59]

Natarajan S, Aravindan V. 2020. An urgent call to spent LIB recycling: whys and wherefores for graphite recovery. Advanced Energy Materials 10:2002238

doi: 10.1002/aenm.202002238
[60]

Chen W, Salvatierra R, Li J, Kittrell C, Beckham J, et al. 2023. Flash recycling of graphite anodes. Advanced Materials 35:2207303

doi: 10.1002/adma.202207303
[61]

Yu H, Huang M, Li Y, Chen L, Lv H, et al. 2025. Toward Joule heating recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: a rising direct regeneration method. Journal of Energy Chemistry 105:501−513

doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2025.01.065
[62]

Dong S, Song Y, Ye K, Yan J, Wang G, et al. 2022. Ultra-fast, low-cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method. EcoMat 4:e12212

doi: 10.1002/eom2.12212
[63]

Ji Y, Zhang H, Yang D, Pan Y, Zhu Z, et al. 2024. Regenerated graphite electrodes with reconstructed solid electrolyte interface and enclosed active lithium toward >100% initial coulombic efficiency. Advanced Materials 36:2312548

doi: 10.1002/adma.202312548
[64]

Shang Z, Zhang N, Ying Z, Zou D, Dai F, et al. 2025. Direct regeneration and flash upcycling of mixed spent graphite with a uniform energy-storage property. Chemical Engineering Journal 505:159132

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.159132
[65]

Jiao Y, Zhu X, Yu F, Xu M, Cai R, et al. 2025. Upcycling trace amounts of biomass waste into flash graphene can boost crop yields by more than a quarter and offer climate benefits. One Earth 8:101486

doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101486
[66]

Zhu X, Lin L, Pang M, Jia C, Xia L, et al. 2024. Continuous and low-carbon production of biomass flash graphene. Nature Communications 15:3218

doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47603-y
[67]

Wang A, Zhang G, Li M, Sun Y, Tang Y, et al. 2025. Lignin derived hard carbon for sodium ion batteries: recent advances and future perspectives. Progress in Materials Science 152:101452

doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101452
[68]

Sagues WJ, Jain A, Brown D, Aggarwal S, Suarez A, et al. 2019. Are lignin-derived carbon fibers graphitic enough? Green Chemistry 21:4253−4265

doi: 10.1039/C9GC01806A
[69]

Guan W, Dong Z, Jiang H, Chen L, Yang H, et al. 2025. Flash Joule heating-driven lignin conversion: pyrolysis mechanisms and applications of graphitic carbon. Chemical Engineering Journal 504:158813

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.158813
[70]

Song Y, Jin M, Hou C, Wang X, Zhang Y, et al. 2025. Detailed investigation of the flash pyrolysis of alkali lignin: trends in the migration of three-phase products. Chemical Engineering Journal 505:159346

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159346
[71]

Mao X, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhao N, Zhang H, et al. 2025. Ultrafast synthesis of lignin-based graphene by flash joule heating for multifunctional applications. Journal of Power Sources 631:236211

doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236211
[72]

Jia C, Pang M, Lu Y, Liu Y, Zhuang M, et al. 2022. Graphene environmental footprint greatly reduced when derived from biomass waste via flash Joule heating. One Earth 5:1394−1403

doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2022.11.006
[73]

Brebu M, Spiridon I. 2011. Thermal degradation of keratin waste. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 91:288−295

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.03.003
[74]

Kaur J, Pannu AS, Shiddiky MJA, Wang X, Frasca P, et al. 2024. Sustainable manufacturing of graphitic carbon from bio-waste using flash heating for anode material of lithium‐ion batteries with optimal performance (Adv. Sustainable Syst. 6/2024). Advanced Sustainable Systems 8:2470024

doi: 10.1002/adsu.202300610
[75]

Wang S, Zhang X, Tang Y, Hao S, Zheng S, et al. 2024. Facile fabrication of biomass chitosan-derived magnetic carbon aerogels as multifunctional and high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption materials. Carbon 216:118528

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118528
[76]

Yuan M, Yu S, Wang K, Mi C, Shen L. 2024. Ultrafast synthesis of hard carbon for high-rate and low-temperature sodium-ion storage through flash Joule heating. Solid State Ionics 414:116622

doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2024.116622
[77]

Mathan S, Selvaraj M, Assiri MA, Kandiah K, Rajendran R. 2024. Synthetic nanoarchitectonics with ultrafast Joule heating of graphene-based electrodes for high energy density supercapacitor application. Surfaces and Interfaces 51:104707

doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104707
[78]

Xiong C, Zhao M, Wang T, Han J, Zhang Y, et al. 2025. Recent advances in multidimensional (1D, 2D, and 3D) Joule heating devices based on cellulose: design, structure, application, and perspective. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 205:53−78

doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.04.015
[79]

Eddy L, Xu S, Liu C, Scotland P, Chen W, et al. 2024. Electric field effects in flash joule heating synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 146:16010−16019

doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c02864
[80]

Zahid M, Abuzairi T. 2024. Sustainable graphene production: flash joule heating utilizing pencil graphite precursors. Nanomaterials 14:1289

doi: 10.3390/nano14151289
[81]

Stanford MG, Bets KV, Luong DX, Advincula PA, Chen W, et al. 2020. Flash graphene morphologies. ACS Nano 14(10):13691−13699

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05900
[82]

Huang P, Zhu R, Zhang X, Zhang W. 2022. A milliseconds flash joule heating method for the regeneration of spent cathode carbon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 57:33−44

doi: 10.1080/10934529.2021.2022422
[83]

Mo T, Wang Z, Zeng L, Chen M, Kornyshev AA, et al. 2023. Energy storage mechanism in supercapacitors with porous graphdiynes: effects of pore topology and electrode metallicity. Advanced Materials 35:2301118

doi: 10.1002/adma.202301118
[84]

He G, Shen Z, Liu H. 2024. Ultrafast joule heating modification of methane-pyrolyzed carbon black for supercapacitor application. Langmuir 40:1145−1162

doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03818
[85]

Qiu Y, Su Y, Jing X, Xiong H, Weng D, et al. 2025. Rapid closed pore regulation of biomass-derived hard carbons based on flash joule heating for enhanced sodium ion storage. Advanced Functional Materials 35:2423559

doi: 10.1002/adfm.202423559
[86]

Kim YT, Lee JJ, Lee J. 2023. Electricity-driven reactors that promote thermochemical catalytic reactions via joule and induction heating. Chemical Engineering Journal 470:144333

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144333
[87]

Liu L, Bhowmick A, Cheng S, Blazquez BH, Pan Y, et al. 2023. Alkane dehydrogenation in scalable and electrifiable carbon membrane reactor. Cell Reports Physical Science 4:101692

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101692
[88]

Rieks M, Bellinghausen R, Kockmann N, Mleczko L. 2015. Experimental study of methane dry reforming in an electrically heated reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40:15940−15951

doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.113
[89]

Choi CHW, Shin J, Eddy L, Granja V, Wyss KM, et al. 2024. Flash-within-flash synthesis of gram-scale solid-state materials. Nature Chemistry 16:1831−1837

doi: 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7
[90]

Li T, Tao L, Xu L, Meng T, Clifford BC, et al. 2023. Direct and rapid high-temperature upcycling of degraded graphite. Advanced Functional Materials 33:2302951

doi: 10.1002/adfm.202302951
[91]

Arvas MB, Gürsu H, Gencten M, Sahin Y. 2021. Preparation of different heteroatom doped graphene oxide based electrodes by electrochemical method and their supercapacitor applications. Journal of Energy Storage 35:102328

doi: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102328
[92]

Scotland P, Eddy L, Chen J, Chen W, Beckham JL, et al. 2025. Heteroatom-substituted reflashed graphene. ACS Nano 19:11987−11998

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c16959
[93]

Zhu S, Zhang F, Lu H, Sheng J, Wang L, et al. 2022. Flash nitrogen-doped graphene for high-rate supercapacitors. ACS Materials Letters 4:1863−1871

doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00616
[94]

Zhang X, Han G, Zhu S. 2024. Flash nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for energy storage and conversion. Small 20:2305406

doi: 10.1002/smll.202305406
[95]

Qian Y, Hu Z, Ge X, Yang S, Peng Y, et al. 2017. A metal-free ORR/OER bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from metal-organic frameworks for rechargeable Zn-Air batteries. Carbon 111:641−650

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.046
[96]

Jiang H, Gu J, Zheng X, Liu M, Qiu X, et al. 2019. Defect-rich and ultrathin N doped carbon nanosheets as advanced trifunctional metal-free electrocatalysts for the ORR, OER and HER. Energy & Environmental Science 12:322−333

doi: 10.1039/C8EE03276A
[97]

Xu X, Xu R, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Yuan Q, et al. 2024. Boron-doped biomass carbon nanostructures as electrocatalysts for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Applied Nano Materials 7:18912−18919

doi: 10.1021/acsanm.4c02704
[98]

Chen J, Onah OE, Cheng Y, Silva KJ, Choi CH, et al. 2025. Cathode-electrolyte interphase engineering toward fast-charging LiFePO4 cathodes by flash carbon coating. Small Methods 9:2400680

doi: 10.1002/smtd.202400680
[99]

Zhang SM, Zhang JX, Xu SJ, Yuan XJ, He BC. 2013. Li ion diffusivity and electrochemical properties of FePO4 nanoparticles acted directly as cathode materials in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. Electrochimica Acta 88:287−293

doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.029
[100]

Yuan Y, Fan J, Yang Z, Mahurin SM, Luo H, et al. 2024. A mechanochemically-triggered, self-powered flash heating synthesis of phosphorous/carbon composites for Li-ion batteries. Small Methods 8:2400460

doi: 10.1002/smtd.202400460
[101]

Hou S, Cheng W, Guo F. 2023. Fast joule-heating synthesized heteroatom-doped carbon and its impressive electrochemical performance. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 35:e00570

doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00570
[102]

Gao H, Li Y, Wu X, Lv Y, Ma C, et al. 2025. Ultrafast activation to form through-hole carbon facilitates ion transport for high specific capacity supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 644:237129

doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237129
[103]

Cheng X, Tian X, Liao S, Wang Q, Wei Q. 2024. Wet spinning for high-performance fiber supercapacitor based on Fe-doped MnO2 and graphene. Carbon 230:119572

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119572
[104]

Cao J, Yan C, Sun Q, Zhu X, Zhou S, et al. 2025. 3D-Printed porous MnO2/Carbon composites synthesized via fast joule heating for energy storage electrodes. Chemical Engineering Journal 505:159723

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159723
[105]

Tian Y, Wang S, Liu N, Xue Q, Qi X, et al. 2025. Rapid Joule heating processing of nickel-based flexible supercapacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal 507:160765

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.160765
[106]

Zou G, Wang J, Sun Y, Yang W, Niu T, et al. 2025. A nanotwinned-alloy strategy enables fast sodium deposition dynamics. Nature Communications 16:1795

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56957-w
[107]

Nandenha J, Silvestrin G, Otubo L, Andrade DA, de Souza RFB, et al. 2024. Enhanced carbon monoxide tolerance of platinum nanoparticles synthesized through the Flash Joule Heating Method. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 19:100585

doi: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100585
[108]

Wang J, Chen X, Cui X, Zhou M, Wang J, et al. 2025. Electrode engineering considerations for high energy efficiency Li–CO2 batteries. Sustainable Energy & Fuels 9:1084−1094

doi: 10.1002/smll.202301685
[109]

Feng X, Luo F, Lai W, Ge M, Chen X, et al. 2025. Flash synthesis of uniform tin-modified carbon skeleton as stable anode for sodium metal batteries. Journal of Energy Storage 109:115206

doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.115206
[110]

He W, Cai J, Li Y, Wang Z, Li Y, et al. 2025. Transforming of rigid-flexible micro-sized silicon anodes: carbothermal shock method yields durable, high-capacity electrodes. ChemistrySelect 10:e202501453

doi: 10.1002/slct.202501453
[111]

Liu S, Liu B, Yu Z, Sun Z, Liu M, et al. 2024. Rapid release of silicon by ultrafast joule heating generates mechanically stable shell–shell Si/C anodes with dominant inward deformation. ACS Nano 18:17326−17338

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06067
[112]

Yang F, Deng P, He H, Hong R, Xiang K, et al. 2024. Rapid Joule heating-induced welding of silicon and graphene for enhanced lithium-ion battery anodes. Chemical Engineering Journal 494:152828

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.152828
[113]

Huang J, Zhu S, Zhang J, Han G. 2024. One-pot ultrafast molten-salt synthesis of anthracite-based porous carbon for high-performance capacitive energy storage. ACS Materials Letters 6:2144−2152

doi: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00275
[114]

Liu M, Shi H, Guo L, Fang Z, Chen D, et al. 2025. Enhanced graphitization of CO2-derived carbon anodes via Joule heating reformation for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Carbon 232:119781

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119781
[115]

Li C, Han R, Bai J, Cao Y, Yuan W, et al. 2023. One-step synthesis of structural-controlled metal-graphene nanocomposites via flash atomization and plasma-assisted reactions of electrical explosion. Carbon 213:118296

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118296
[116]

Yang H, Sun L, Zhai S, Wang X, Liu C, et al. 2023. Ordered-range tuning of flash graphene for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries. ACS Applied Nano Materials 6:2450−2458

doi: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04717
[117]

He M, Wang G, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Liu F, et al. 2022. In-situ joule heating-triggered nanopores generation in laser-induced graphene papers for capacitive enhancement. Carbon 186:215−226

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.10.008
[118]

Zhu X, Wang Y, Mumford K, Shao Z, Arandiyan H, et al. 2025. Rapid heating technologies for efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. Small 51:e09221

doi: 10.1002/smll.202509221
[119]

Chao Y, Liu B, Zhang H, Tian S, Zhang L, et al. 2022. Efficient recovery and regeneration of waste graphite through microwave stripping from spent batteries anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Cleaner Production 333:130197

doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130197
[120]

Piggott A. 2019. Detailed transient multiphysics model for fast and accurate design, simulation and optimization of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) or thermal energy harvesting device. Journal of Electronic Materials 48:5442−5452

doi: 10.1007/s11664-019-06952-x
[121]

Xue Y, Huang S, Sun B, Gu B. 2021. Electro-thermal coupling behavior and temperature distribution of 3-D braided composite under direct current. Composites Science and Technology 216:109043

doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109043
[122]

Eddy L, Luong DX, Beckham JL, Wyss KM, Cooksey TJ, et al. 2024. Automated laboratory kilogram-scale graphene production from coal. Small Methods 8:2301144

doi: 10.1002/smtd.202301144
[123]

Wu DN, Sheng J, Lu HG, Li SD, Li Y. 2025. Mass production of graphene using high-power rapid joule heating method. Chemical Engineering Journal 505:159725

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.159725
[124]

Liu Y, Li P, Wang F, Fang W, Xu Z, et al. 2019. Rapid roll-to-roll production of graphene films using intensive Joule heating. Carbon 155:462−468

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.09.021
[125]

Du P, Deng B, He X, Zhao W, Liu H, et al. 2025. Roll-to-roll flash joule heating to stabilize electrocatalysts onto meter-scale Ni foam for advanced water splitting. ACS Nano 19:1327−1339

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c13787
[126]

Eddy L, Shin J, Cheng Y, Choi CH, Teng C, et al. 2024. Kilogram flash joule heating synthesis with an arc welder. ACS Nano 18:34207−34218

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11628
[127]

Díaz-Ortiz Á, Prieto P, De la Hoz A. 2019. A critical overview on the effect of microwave irradiation in organic synthesis. The Chemical Record 19:85−97

doi: 10.1002/tcr.201800059
[128]

Wu L, Ma H, Mei J, Li Y, Xu Q, et al. 2022. Low energy consumption and high- quality bio-fuels production via in-situ fast pyrolysis of reed straw by adding metallic particles in an induction heating reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47:5828−5841

doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.229
[129]

Dey D, Tiwari AK. 2020. Controlling chemical reactions with laser pulses. ACS Omega 5:17857−17867

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02098
[130]

Mehta P, Barboun P, Go DB, Hicks JC, Schneider WF, et al. 2019. Catalysis enabled by plasma activation of strong chemical bonds: a review. ACS Energy Letters 4:1115−1133

doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00263
[131]

Muthu MS, Perumalla M. 2025. Traditional graphene vs. flash graphene: a state-of-the-art review in the cementitious materials. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 10:241

doi: 10.1007/s41062-025-02062-2
[132]

Wyss KM, Deng B, Tour JM. 2023. Upcycling and urban mining for nanomaterial synthesis. Nano Today 49:101781

doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101781
[133]

Balakotaiah V, Ratnakar RR. 2022. Modular reactors with electrical resistance heating for hydrocarbon cracking and other endothermic reactions. AIChE Journal 68:e17542

doi: 10.1002/aic.17542
[134]

Zhu C, Bamidele EA, Shen X, Zhu G, Li B. 2024. Machine learning aided design and optimization of thermal metamaterials. Chemical Reviews 124:4258−4331

doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00708