[1]

Fathi A, Asgari E, Danafar H, Salehabadi H, Fazli MM. 2024. A comprehensive study on methylene blue removal via polymer and protein nanoparticle adsorbents. Scientific Reports 14:29434

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80384-4
[2]

Wang Y, Zheng J, Zhou T, Zhang Q, Feng M, et al. 2025. Confinement-modulated singlet-oxygen nanoreactors for water decontamination. Environmental Science & Technology 59(12):6341−6351

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c00767
[3]

Dang C, Wu Z, Fu J. 2023. Environmental issues caused by high-dose disinfection need urgent attention. Environment & Health 1(1):3−5

doi: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00057
[4]

Rashid R, Shafiq I, Akhter P, Iqbal MJ, Hussain M. 2021. A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28(8):9050−9066

doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12395-x
[5]

Gęca M, Wiśniewska M, Nowicki P. 2022. Biochars and activated carbons as adsorbents of inorganic and organic compounds from multicomponent systems–a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 305:102687

doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102687
[6]

Wang B, Lan J, Bo C, Gong B, Ou J. 2023. Adsorption of heavy metal onto biomass-derived activated carbon: review. RSC Advances 13(7):4275−4302

doi: 10.1039/D2RA07911A
[7]

Bednárek J, Matějová L, Koutník I, Vráblová M, Cruz GJF, et al. 2024. Revelation of high-adsorption-performance activated carbon for removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics from water. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14(2):2585−2599

doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02577-z
[8]

Zieliński B, Miądlicki P, Przepiórski J. 2022. Development of activated carbon for removal of pesticides from water: case study. Scientific Reports 12:20869

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25247-6
[9]

Agarwal AM, Kadu MS, Pandhurnekar CP, Muthreja IL. 2014. Langmuir Freudlich and BET adsorption isoterm studies for zink icon onto coal fly ash. International Journal of Innovation Engineering & Management 3:64−71

[10]

Abdullah MO, Tan IAW, Lim LS. 2011. Automobile adsorption air-conditioning system using oil palm biomass-based activated carbon: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(4):2061−2072

doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.012
[11]

Yi H, Nakabayashi K, Yoon SH, Miyawaki J. 2021. Pressurized physical activation: a simple production method for activated carbon with a highly developed pore structure. Carbon 183:735−742

doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.061
[12]

Yu S, He J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Xie M, et al. 2024. Towards negative emissions: hydrothermal carbonization of biomass for sustainable carbon materials. Advanced Materials 36(18):e2307412

doi: 10.1002/adma.202307412
[13]

Khoshbouy R, Takahashi F, Yoshikawa K. 2019. Preparation of high surface area sludge-based activated hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization and application in the removal of basic dye. Environmental Research 175:457−467

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.002
[14]

Sathe SM, Chakraborty I, Dubey BK, Ghangrekar MM. 2024. Wastewater sludge-derived hydrochar: effect of operating conditions, activation, and potential use as adsorbent. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 184:1400−1410

doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2024.02.063
[15]

Meng H, Chen Z, Wei W, Xu J, Duan H, et al. 2025. Magnetic hydrochar for sustainable wastewater management. npj Materials Sustainability 3:7

doi: 10.1038/s44296-024-00047-3
[16]

Bharti V, Vikrant K, Goswami M, Tiwari H, Sonwani RK, et al. 2019. Biodegradation of methylene blue dye in a batch and continuous mode using biochar as packing media. Environmental Research 171:356−364

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.051
[17]

Cheng J, Zhan C, Wu J, Cui Z, Si J, et al. 2020. Highly efficient removal of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution using cellulose acetate nanofibrous membranes modified by polydopamine. ACS Omega 5(10):5389−5400

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04425
[18]

Ahmad NN, Ahmad AA, Khasri A. 2023. Effective removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by adsorption onto gasification char: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamics studies. Desalination and Water Treatment 285:264−273

doi: 10.5004/dwt.2023.29274
[19]

Halim OMA, Mustapha NH, Mohd Fudzi SN, Azhar R, Zanal NIN, et al. 2025. A review on modified ZnO for the effective degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 18:100408

doi: 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100408
[20]

Jalilian M, He QS, Hu Y. 2026. Synthesis of bimetallic biocomposite materials prepared from activated hydrochar/biochar for methylene blue removal via Fenton oxidation coupled with adsorption. Chemical Engineering Science 320:122514

doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2025.122514
[21]

Pallarés J, González-Cencerrado A, Arauzo I. 2018. Production and characterization of activated carbon from barley straw by physical activation with carbon dioxide and steam. Biomass and Bioenergy 115:64−73

doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.015
[22]

Liu S, Zheng LN, Dong SW, Sun YZ, Xue N, et al. 2025. Selective adsorption and efficient separation of methylene blue dye in a water-stable nickel-based metal–organic framework. Separation and Purification Technology 376:134057

doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134057
[23]

Santoso E, Ediati R, Kusumawati Y, Bahruji H, Sulistiono DO, et al. 2020. Review on recent advances of carbon based adsorbent for methylene blue removal from waste water. Materials Today Chemistry 16:100233

doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.100233
[24]

Ahmed MJ, Dhedan SK. 2012. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics modeling of methylene blue adsorption on agricultural wastes-based activated carbons. Fluid Phase Equilibria 317:9−14

doi: 10.1016/j.fluid.2011.12.026
[25]

Serafin J, Dziejarski B. 2023. Application of isotherms models and error functions in activated carbon CO2 sorption processes. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 354:112513

doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2023.112513
[26]

Zhang X, Xiong S, Sathiyaseelan A, Zhang L, Lu Y, et al. 2024. Recent advances in photocatalytic nanomaterials for environmental remediation: strategies, mechanisms, and future directions. Chemosphere 364:143142

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143142
[27]

Wang T, Jiang M, Yu X, Niu N, Chen L. 2022. Application of lignin adsorbent in wastewater Treatment: a review. Separation and Purification Technology 302:122116

doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122116
[28]

Robati D. 2013. Pseudo-second-order kinetic equations for modeling adsorption systems for removal of lead ions using multi-walled carbon nanotube. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 3(1):55

doi: 10.1186/2193-8865-3-55
[29]

ASTM International. 2014. Standard test method for determination of iodine number of activated carbon. Annual Book of ASTM Standard Test Method

[30]

Tran TH, Le AH, Pham TH, Nguyen DT, Chang SW, et al. 2020. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling of methylene blue dye onto a carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent derived from coffee husk waste. Science of The Total Environment 725:138325

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138325
[31]

Ebadollahzadeh H, Zabihi M. 2020. Competitive adsorption of methylene blue and Pb (II) ions on the nano-magnetic activated carbon and alumina. Materials Chemistry and Physics 248:122893

doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122893
[32]

Han Q, Wang J, Goodman BA, Xie J, Liu Z. 2020. High adsorption of methylene blue by activated carbon prepared from phosphoric acid treated Eucalyptus residue. Powder Technology 366:239−248

doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.013
[33]

El Jery A, Alawamleh HSK, Sami MH, Abbas HA, Sammen SS, et al. 2024. Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic mechanism of methylene blue dye adsorption on synthesized activated carbon. Scientific Reports 14:970

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50937-0
[34]

Shu J, Cheng S, Xia H, Zhang L, Peng J, et al. 2017. Copper loaded on activated carbon as an efficient adsorbent for removal of methylene blue. RSC Advances 7(24):14395−14405

doi: 10.1039/C7RA00287D
[35]

Oliveira LCA, Rios RVRA, Fabris JD, Garg V, Sapag K, et al. 2002. Activated carbon/iron oxide magnetic composites for the adsorption of contaminants in water. Carbon 40(12):2177−2183

doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00076-3
[36]

Mahapatra K, Ramteke DS, Paliwal LJ. 2012. Production of activated carbon from sludge of food processing industry under controlled pyrolysis and its application for methylene blue removal. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 95:79−86

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.01.009
[37]

Saka C. 2012. BET, TG–DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 95:21−24

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020
[38]

Cheng S, Zhang L, Ma A, Xia H, Peng J, et al. 2018. Comparison of activated carbon and iron/cerium modified activated carbon to remove methylene blue from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Sciences 65:92−102

doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.12.027
[39]

Kriegseis S, Vogl AY, Aretz L, Tonnesen T, Telle R. 2020. Zeta potential and long-term stability correlation of carbon-based suspensions for material jetting. Open Ceramics 4:100037

doi: 10.1016/j.oceram.2020.100037
[40]

Altıntıg E, Altundag H, Tuzen M, Sarı A. 2017. Effective removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using magnetic loaded activated carbon as novel adsorbent. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 122:151−163

doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.03.035
[41]

Karaer H, Kaya İ. 2016. Synthesis, characterization of magnetic chitosan/active charcoal composite and using at the adsorption of methylene blue and reactive blue4. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 232:26−38

doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.06.006
[42]

Xu JC, Xin PH, Han YB, Wang PF, Jin HX, et al. 2014. Magnetic response and adsorptive properties for methylene blue of CoFe2O4/Co x Fe y/activated carbon magnetic composites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 617:622−626

doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.08.059
[43]

Lee H, Fiore S, Berruti F. 2024. Adsorption of methyl orange and methylene blue on activated biocarbon derived from birchwood pellets. Biomass and Bioenergy 191:107446

doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107446
[44]

Yao Y, Xu F, Chen M, Xu Z, Zhu Z. 2010. Adsorption behavior of methylene blue on carbon nanotubes. Bioresource Technology 101(9):3040−3046

doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.042
[45]

Ghaedi M, Nasab AG, Khodadoust S, Rajabi M, Azizian S. 2014. Application of activated carbon as adsorbents for efficient removal of methylene blue: kinetics and equilibrium study. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20(4):2317−2324

doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.007
[46]

Hien Tran T, Le AH, Pham TH, Duong LD, Nguyen XC, et al. 2022. A sustainable, low-cost carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent for methylene blue adsorption derived from corncobs. Environmental Research 212:113178

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113178
[47]

Qian WC, Luo XP, Wang X, Guo M, Li B. 2018. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by modified bamboo hydrochar. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 157:300−306

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.088
[48]

Islam MA, Ahmed MJ, Khanday WA, Asif M, Hameed BH. 2017. Mesoporous activated coconut shell-derived hydrochar prepared via hydrothermal carbonization-NaOH activation for methylene blue adsorption. Journal of Environmental Management 203:237−244

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.029
[49]

Do TH, Nguyen VT, Dung NQ, Chu MN, Van Kiet D, et al. 2021. Study on methylene blue adsorption of activated carbon made from Moringa oleifera leaf. Materials Today: Proceedings 38:3405−3413

doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.834
[50]

Gupta SA, Vishesh Y, Sarvshrestha N, Bhardwaj AS, Kumar PA, et al. 2022. Adsorption isotherm studies of Methylene blue using activated carbon of waste fruit peel as an adsorbent. Materials Today: Proceedings 57:1500−1508

doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.044
[51]

Al-Musawi EB, Al-Qaim FF. 2025. Elimination of methylene blue dye from the aqueous solution using waste fig fruit as an activated carbon: a case study of nonlinear adsorption isotherm models and kinetic models. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 138(2):967−989

doi: 10.1007/s11144-024-02757-0
[52]

Buhani, Dewi JS, Fajriyah NS, Rilyanti M, Suharso, et al. 2023. Modification of non-activated carbon from rubber fruit shells with 3-(aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane and its adsorption study on coomassie brilliant blue and methylene blue in solution. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 234(9):578

doi: 10.1007/s11270-023-06506-2
[53]

Lyu H, Gao B, He F, Zimmerman AR, Ding C, et al. 2018. Experimental and modeling investigations of ball-milled biochar for the removal of aqueous methylene blue. Chemical Engineering Journal 335:110−119

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.130
[54]

de Souza CC, de Souza LZM, Yılmaz M, de Oliveira MA, da Silva Bezerra AC, et al. 2022. Activated carbon of Coriandrum sativum for adsorption of methylene blue: equilibrium and kinetic modeling. Cleaner Materials 3:100052

doi: 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100052
[55]

Bouchelkia N, Tahraoui H, Amrane A, Belkacemi H, Bollinger JC, et al. 2023. Jujube stones based highly efficient activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption: kinetics and isotherms modeling, thermodynamics and mechanism study, optimization via response surface methodology and machine learning approaches. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 170:513−535

doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.028
[56]

Wang Q, Fagbohun EO, Zhu H, Hussain A, Wang F, et al. 2023. One-step synthesis of magnetic asphalt-based activated carbon with high specific surface area and adsorption performance for methylene blue. Separation and Purification Technology 321:124205

doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124205
[57]

Qin N, Tian C, Carter L, Tao D, Zhou Y, et al. 2024. Economical magnetic activated carbon for methylene blue removal from water. Next Sustainability 4:100057

doi: 10.1016/j.nxsust.2024.100057