| [1] |
Lewis D. 1942. The evolution of sex in flowering plants. |
| [2] |
Dellaporta SL, Calderon-Urrea A. 1993. Sex determination in flowering plants. |
| [3] |
Ji G, Zhang J, Gong G, Shi J, Zhang H, et al. 2015. Inheritance of sex forms in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). |
| [4] |
Tanurdzic M, Banks JA. 2004. Sex-determining mechanisms in land plants. |
| [5] |
Bhowmick BK, Jha S. 2015. Dynamics of sex expression and chromosome diversity in Cucurbitaceae: a story in the making. |
| [6] |
Martínez C, Jamilena M. 2021. To be a male or a female flower, a question of ethylene in cucurbits. |
| [7] |
Pannell JR. 2017. Plant sex determination. |
| [8] |
Li D, Sheng Y, Niu H, Li Z. 2019. Gene interactions regulating sex determination in cucurbits. |
| [9] |
Wang Y, Yan C, Zou B, Wang C, Xu W, et al. 2019. Morphological, transcriptomic and hormonal characterization of trimonoecious and subandroecious pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) suggests important roles of ethylene in sex expression. |
| [10] |
Wang Z, Yadav V, Yan X, Cheng D, Wei C, et al. 2021. Systematic genome-wide analysis of the ethylene-responsive ACS gene family: contributions to sex form differentiation and development in melon and watermelon. |
| [11] |
Rudich J, Halevy AH, Kedar N. 1972. Ethylene evolution from cucumber plants as related to sex expression. |
| [12] |
Zhang J, Guo S, Ji G, Zhao H, Sun H, et al. 2020. A unique chromosome translocation disrupting ClWIP1 leads to gynoecy in watermelon. |
| [13] |
Anees M, Zhu H, Umer MJ, Gong C, Yuan P, et al. 2024. Identification of an Aux/IAA regulator for flesh firmness using combined GWAS and bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis in watermelon. |
| [14] |
Jiang X, Lin D. 2007. Discovery of watermelon gynoecious gene gy. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 1:027 |
| [15] |
Li Z, Huang S, Liu S, Pan J, Zhang Z, et al. 2009. Molecular isolation of the M gene suggests that a conserved-residue conversion induces the formation of bisexual flowers in cucumber plants. |
| [16] |
Zhang H, Li S, Yang L, Cai G, Chen H, et al. 2021. Gain-of-function of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene ACS1G induces female flower development in cucumber gynoecy. |
| [17] |
Li Z, Wang S, Tao Q, Pan J, Si L, et al. 2012. A putative positive feedback regulation mechanism in CsACS2 expression suggests a modified model for sex determination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). |
| [18] |
Boualem A, Troadec C, Camps C, Lemhemdi A, Morin H, et al. 2015. A cucurbit androecy gene reveals how unisexual flowers develop and dioecy emerges. |
| [19] |
Boualem A, Fergany M, Fernandez R, Troadec C, Martin A, et al. 2008. A conserved mutation in an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme leads to andromonoecy in melons. |
| [20] |
Zhang S, Tan FQ, Chung CH, Slavkovic F, Devani RS, et al. 2022. The control of carpel determinacy pathway leads to sex determination in cucurbits. |
| [21] |
Ji G, Zhang J, Zhang H, Sun H, Gong G, et al. 2016. Mutation in the gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 4 (CitACS4) led to andromonoecy in watermelon. |
| [22] |
Li Z, Han Y, Niu H, Wang Y, Jiang B, et al. 2020. Gynoecy instability in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is due to unequal crossover at the copy number variation- dependent Femaleness (F) locus. |
| [23] |
Han L, Li M, Li C, Zhao B, Wang Z, et al. 2026. ARF3-mediated auxin signaling is essential for sex determination in cucumber. |
| [24] |
Aamir M, Karmakar P, Singh VK, Kashyap SP, Pandey S, et al. 2021. A novel insight into transcriptional and epigenetic regulation underlying sex expression and flower development in melon (Cucumis melo L.). |
| [25] |
Martínez C, Manzano S, Megías Z, Barrera A, Boualem A, et al. 2014. Molecular and functional characterization of CpACS27A gene reveals its involvement in monoecy instability and other associated traits in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). |
| [26] |
Luan FS, Ni BX, Liu HY, Liu S. 2022. Genetic mapping and candidate genes selection of key genes related to rind color and unisexual flower in watermelon. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University 53:8−17 (in Chinese) |
| [27] |
Thiel T, Kota R, Grosse I, Stein N, Graner A. 2004. SNP2CAPS: a SNP and INDEL analysis tool for CAPS marker development. |
| [28] |
Broman KW, Wu H, Sen Ś, Churchill GA. 2003. R/qtl: QTL mapping in experimental crosses. |
| [29] |
Thorvaldsdóttir H, Robinson JT, Mesirov JP. 2013. Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration. |
| [30] |
Fang X, Ji Z, Tao M, Wang X, Zhang X, et al. 2025. Fine mapping and prediction of a candidate gene for wrinkled rind in melon (Cucumis melo L.). |
| [31] |
Cao X, Du R, Xu Y, Wu Y, Ye K, et al. 2024. Phytoene synthases 1 modulates tomato fruit quality through influencing the metabolic flux between carotenoid and flavonoid pathways. |
| [32] |
Saitou N, Nei M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. |
| [33] |
Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, Evans R, Green T, et al. 2024. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. |
| [34] |
Fang X, Li S, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Xiong C, et al. 2023. Clorf encodes carotenoid isomerase and regulates orange flesh color in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). |
| [35] |
Boualem A, Lemhemdi A, Sari MA, Pignoly S, Troadec C, et al. 2016. The andromonoecious sex determination gene predates the separation of Cucumis and Citrullus genera. |
| [36] |
Manzano S, Aguado E, Martínez C, Megías Z, García A, et al. 2016. The ethylene biosynthesis gene CitACS4 regulates monoecy/andromonoecy in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). |
| [37] |
Cao L, Wei W, Shen J, Xu Z, Li Z. 2022. Study on the optimization of transformation systems in watermelon. |
| [38] |
Ippolito JA, Alexander RS, Christianson DW. 1990. Hydrogen bond stereochemistry in protein structure and function. |
| [39] |
Huai Q, Xia Y, Chen Y, Callahan B, Li N, et al. 2001. Crystal structures of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase in complex with aminoethoxyvinylglycine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate provide new insight into catalytic mechanisms. |
| [40] |
Dipta B, Sood S, Mangal V, Bhardwaj V, Thakur AK, et al. 2024. KASP: a high-throughput genotyping system and its applications in major crop plants for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. |
| [41] |
Byers RE, Baker LR, Sell HM, Herner RC, Dilley DR. 1972. Ethylene: a natural regulator of sex expression of Cucumis melo L. |
| [42] |
Atsmon D, Tabbak C. 1979. Comparative effects of gibberellin, silver nitrate and aminoethoxyvinyl glycine on sexual tendency and ethylene evolution in the cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L.). |
| [43] |
Takahashi H, Saito T, Suge H. 1982. Intergeneric translocation of floral stimulus across a graft in monoecious Cucurbitaceae with special reference to the sex expression of flowers. |
| [44] |
Takahashi H, Jaffe MJ. 1984. Thigmomorphogenesis: the relationship of mechanical perturbation to elicitor-like activity and ethylene production. |
| [45] |
Trebitsh T, Staub JE, O'Neill SD. 1997. Identification of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene linked to the female (F) locus that enhances female sex expression in cucumber. |
| [46] |
Tang X, Mei Y, He K, Liu R, Lv X, et al. 2024. The RING-type E3 ligase RIE1 sustains leaf longevity by specifically targeting AtACS7 to fine-tune ethylene production in Arabidopsis. |
| [47] |
Shao Z, Bian L, Ahmadi SK, Daniel TJ, Belmonte MA, et al. 2024. Nuclear pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulates histone acetylation and transcriptional regulation in the ethylene response. |
| [48] |
Tan ST, Xue HW. 2014. Casein kinase 1 regulates ethylene synthesis by phosphorylating and promoting the turnover of ACS5. |
| [49] |
Manzano S, Martínez C, García JM, Megías Z, Jamilena M. 2014. Involvement of ethylene in sex expression and female flower development in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). |
| [50] |
Zhang J, Shi J, Ji G, Zhang H, Gong G, et al. 2017. Modulation of sex expression in four forms of watermelon by gibberellin, ethephone and silver nitrate. |
| [51] |
Boualem A, Troadec C, Kovalski I, Sari MA, Perl-Treves R, et al. 2009. A conserved ethylene biosynthesis enzyme leads to andromonoecy in two cucumis species. |
| [52] |
Martin A, Troadec C, Boualem A, Rajab M, Fernandez R, et al. 2009. A transposon-induced epigenetic change leads to sex determination in melon. |
| [53] |
Aguado E, García A, Manzano S, Valenzuela JL, Cuevas J, et al. 2018. The sex-determining gene CitACS4 is a pleiotropic regulator of flower and fruit development in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). |
| [54] |
Rosa JT. 1928. The inheritance of flower types in Cucumis and Citrullus. |
| [55] |
Poole CF, Grimball PC. 1945. Interaction of sex, shape, and weight genes in watermelon. Journal of Agricultural Research 71:533−552 |
| [56] |
Tan J, Tao Q, Niu H, Zhang Z, Li D, Gong Z, et al. 2015. A novel allele of monoecious (m) locus is responsible for elongated fruit shape and perfect flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). |
| [57] |
Pan Y, Wang Y, McGregor C, Liu S, Luan F, et al. 2020. Genetic architecture of fruit size and shape variation in cucurbits: a comparative perspective. |
| [58] |
Boualem A, Berthet S, Devani RS, Camps C, Fleurier S, et al. 2022. Ethylene plays a dual role in sex determination and fruit shape in cucurbits. |
| [59] |
Huang HY, Zhang S, Choucha FA, Verdenaud M, Tan FQ, et al. 2024. Harbinger transposon insertion in ethylene signaling gene leads to emergence of new sexual forms in cucurbits. |