| [1] |
Ledger MJ, Evans CD, Large DJ, Evers S, Brown C, et al. 2023. Tropical peat surface oscillations are a function of peat condition at North Selangor peat swamp forest, Malaysia. |
| [2] |
Sanin FAM, Alias NE, Kanniah KD, Kadir MAA, Mohamad II, et al. 2022. Open data application to evaluate exposure of wildfire to water resources: a case study in Johor, Malaysia. |
| [3] |
Diemont H. 2002. Fire and peat forests, what are the solutions? 2002. In Prevention and Control of Fire in Peatlands. Proc. Workshop on Prevention and Control of Fire in Peatlands, Kuala Lumpur, 2002, eds Parish F, Padmanabhan E, Lee CL, Thang HC. Kuala Lumpur: Global Environment Centre & Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 41–50 |
| [4] |
Menon A, Vishnu-Menon RG. 2022. Management strategies for prevention of forest fire and environmental degradation in tropics with special reference to western ghats of Kerala region, India. |
| [5] |
Che Azmi NA, Mohd Apandi N, Rashid ASA. 2021. Carbon emissions from the peat fire problem—a review. |
| [6] |
Darusman T, Murdiyarso D, Impron I, Chaniago IA, Lestari DP. 2022. Carbon dynamics in rewetted tropical peat swamp forests. |
| [7] |
Qin Y, Musa DNS, Lin S, Huang X. 2023. Deep peat fire persistently smouldering for weeks: a laboratory demonstration. |
| [8] |
Li L, Sali A, Noordin NK, Ismail A, Hashim F. 2023. Prediction of peatlands forest fires in Malaysia using machine learning. |
| [9] |
Chew YJ, Ooi SY, Pang YH, Wong KS. 2022. A review of forest fire combating efforts, challenges and future directions in peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. |
| [10] |
Ng JSC, Chervier C, Ancrenaz M, Naito D, Karsenty A. 2022. Recent forest and land-use policy changes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo: are they truly transformational? |
| [11] |
Ichie T, Igarashi S, Tamura S, Takahashi A, Kenzo T, et al. 2023. Accurate dating of tropical secondary forests using wood core Δ14C in Malaysia. |
| [12] |
Wu X, Sverdrup E, Mastrandrea MD, Wara MW, Wager S. 2023. Low-intensity fires mitigate the risk of high-intensity wildfires in California's forests. |
| [13] |
Wunder S, Calkin DE, Charlton V, Feder S, Martínez de Arano I, et al. 2021. Resilient landscapes to prevent catastrophic forest fires: socioeconomic insights towards a new paradigm. |
| [14] |
Chen W, Moriya K, Sakai T, Koyama L, Cao C. 2014. Monitoring of post-fire forest recovery under different restoration modes based on time series Landsat data. |
| [15] |
Qin Y, Chen Y, Lin S, Huang X. 2022. Limiting oxygen concentration and supply rate of smoldering propagation. |
| [16] |
Rein G. 2013. Smouldering fires and natural fuels. In Fire Phenomena and the Earth System: An Interdisciplinary Guide to Fire Science, ed. Belcher CM. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 15–34 doi: 10.1002/9781118529539.ch2 |
| [17] |
Lin S, Cheung YK, Xiao Y, Huang X. 2020. Can rain suppress smoldering peat fire? |
| [18] |
Lin S, Liu Y, Huang X. 2021. Climate-induced Arctic-boreal peatland fire and carbon loss in the 21st century. |
| [19] |
Sabah Forestry Department, Sabah State Government. Sabah Forestry Department, 2016. Annual Report 2016 |
| [20] |
Schulte ML, McLaughlin DL, Wurster FC, Varner JM, Stewart RD, et al. 2019. Short- and long-term hydrologic controls on smouldering fire in wetland soils. |
| [21] |
Selangor State Forestry Department. 2014. Integrated Management Plan for North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest 2014–2023. Vols 1 and 2. Shah Alam, Selangor: Selangor State Forestry Department |
| [22] |
Tariq S, Nawaz H, Mehmood U, ul Haq Z, Pata UK, et al. 2023. Remote sensing of air pollution due to forest fires and dust storm over Balochistan (Pakistan). |
| [23] |
Hamilton M, Salerno J. 2020. Cognitive maps reveal diverse perceptions of how prescribed fire affects forests and communities. |
| [24] |
Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC. 2017. Fire distribution in peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with special emphasis on peatland fires. |
| [25] |
Padfield R, Varkkey H, Manzo K, Ganesan V. 2023. Time bomb or gold mine? Policy, sustainability and media representations of tropical peatlands in Malaysia. |
| [26] |
Rein G, Huang X. 2021. Smouldering wildfires in peatlands, forests and the Arctic: challenges and perspectives. |
| [27] |
Qin Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lin S, Shu Y, et al. 2025. Impact of snow on underground smoldering wildfire in Arctic-boreal peatlands. |
| [28] |
Bacciu V, Sirca C, Spano D. 2022. Towards a systemic approach to fire risk management. |
| [29] |
Jurvélius M. 2004. Health and protection: forest fires (prediction, prevention, preparedness and suppression). In Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, eds Burley J, Evans J, Youngquist JA. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 334–339 doi: 10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00277-5 |
| [30] |
Trihadmojo B, Jones CR, Prasastyoga B, Walton C, Sulaiman A. 2020. Toward a nuanced and targeted forest and peat fires prevention policy: insight from psychology. |
| [31] |
Phelps J, Zabala A, Daeli W, Carmenta R. 2021. Experts and resource users split over solutions to peatland fires. |
| [32] |
Varkkey H, Lupascu M. 2024. Peatland fires in Brunei Darussalam: considerations for ASEAN haze cooperation and emerging regional infrastructure development. |
| [33] |
Department of Environment. 2019. Prosedur Tetap Operasi: Melaksanakan Program Mencegah Kebakaran Tanah Gambut untuk Mengatasi Jerebu di Malaysia, 4th Edition. Global Environment Centre, Malaysia |
| [34] |
Fisal NSM, Lintangah W, Ismenyah M. 2017. Community awareness and challenges in forest fire prevention: a case study at peat swamp forest, Klias Forest Reserve, Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation 5:86−91 |
| [35] |
Musri I, Ainuddin AN, Hyrul MHI, Hazandy AH, Azani AM, et al. 2020. Post forest fire management at tropical peat swamp forest: a review of Malaysian experience on rehabilitation and risk mitigation. |
| [36] |
de Groot WJ, Field RD, Brady MA, Roswintiarti O, Mohamad M. 2007. Development of the Indonesian and Malaysian fire danger rating systems. |
| [37] |
Samuel MK, Evers SL. 2023. The role of compaction on pyhsicochemical properties and carbon emissions of tropical peat soils: a review. |
| [38] |
Grebner DL, Bettinger P, Siry JP, Boston K. 2022. Forest disturbances and health. In Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 335–363 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819002-9.00014-6 |
| [39] |
Pillai A, Dande D, Gaikwad A, Pune M, Pune M. 2021. Survey on forest fire prediction using convolution neural network. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 8(4):297−299 |
| [40] |
Musa DNS, Huang X. 2022. Challenges and hopes peatland fire management in Borneo Island. International Association of Wildland Fire. www.iawfonline.org/article/challenges-and-hopes-peat-fire-management-in-borneo-island/ |
| [41] |
Lidskog R, Johansson J, Sjödin D. 2019. Wildfires, responsibility and trust: public understanding of Sweden's largest wildfire. |
| [42] |
Musa DNS, Mohd Tohir MZ, Huang X, Abdullah LC, Md Said MS, et al. 2023. Peat properties of a tropical forest reserve adjacent to a fire-break canal. |
| [43] |
Mills MB, Malhi Y, Ewers RM, Kho LK, Teh YA, et al. 2023. Tropical forests post-logging are a persistent net carbon source to the atmosphere. |
| [44] |
Shiraishi T, Hirata R, Hayashi M, Hirano T. 2023. Carbon dioxide emissions through land use change, fire, and oxidative peat decomposition in Borneo. |
| [45] |
Januar R, Sari ENN, Putra S. 2023. Economic case for sustainable peatland management: a case study in Kahayan-Sebangau Peat Hydrological Unit, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. |
| [46] |
Zhang F, Zhao P, Thiyagalingam J, Kirubarajan T. 2019. Terrain-influenced incremental watchtower expansion for wildfire detection. |
| [47] |
Samin ASM, Leong YH, Majid MIA, Muhammad TST. 2023. Exposure to PCDD/Fs from peatland fires induces oxidative stress among fire-fighters in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 19:1−8 |
| [48] |
Steelman T. 2001. Time to change how we fight wildfires. US: The Hill |
| [49] |
Huang X, Rein G. 2019. Upward-and-downward spread of smoldering peat fire. |
| [50] |
MOSTI. 2019. Pelan Tindakan Pembakaran Terbuka Kebangsaan (PTPTK) 2019 (National Action Plan on Open Burning). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Putrahaya, Malaysia |
| [51] |
Gonzales R. 2020. Forestry Dept worker dies while fighting forest fire. Daily Express. pp. 1. www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/151101/forestry-dept-worker-dies-while-fighting-forest-fire/ (Available on 29 April, 2026) |
| [52] |
Astuti R, Fatimah YA. 2024. Science in the court: expert knowledge and forest fires on Indonesia's plantations. |
| [53] |
Dadap NC, Hoyt AM, Cobb AR, Oner D, Kozinski M, et al. 2021. Drainage canals in Southeast Asian peatlands increase carbon emissions. |
| [54] |
Akbar A. 2022. Lesson learned from the 2019 peatland fire in tumbang Nusa area, Indonesia. |
| [55] |
Nakamura T, Sato T. 2022. A possible linkage of Eurasian heat wave and East Asian heavy rainfall in relation to the rapid arctic warming. |
| [56] |
Wang SW, Lim CH, Lee WK. 2021. A review of forest fire and policy response for resilient adaptation under changing climate in the Eastern Himalayan region. |
| [57] |
FWI/GFW. 2002. The state of the forest: Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Watch Indonesia, and Washington DC: Global Forest Watch |