| [1] |
Di Virgilio N, Papazoglou EG, Jankauskiene Z, Di Lonardo S, Praczyk M, et al. 2015. The potential of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as a crop with multiple uses. |
| [2] |
Tarasevičienė Ž, Vitkauskaitė M, Paulauskienė A, Černiauskienė J. 2023. Wild stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) leaves and roots chemical composition and phenols extraction. |
| [3] |
Kregiel D, Pawlikowska E, Antolak H. 2018. Urtica spp.: ordinary plants with extraordinary properties. |
| [4] |
Guil-Guerrero JL, Rebolloso-Fuentes MM, Torija Isasa ME. 2003. Fatty acids and carotenoids from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.). |
| [5] |
Flórez M, Cazón P, Vázquez M. 2022. Antioxidant extracts of nettle (Urtica dioica) leaves: evaluation of extraction techniques and solvents. |
| [6] |
Halder S, Sharma A. 2017. A review on Urtica dioica L. |
| [7] |
Joshi BC, Soni S, Mukhija M, Semwal S. 2015. Antioxidant potential and total phenolic content of Urtica dioica (whole plant). |
| [8] |
Ahmed KKM, Parsuraman S. 2016. Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae): a stinging nettle. |
| [9] |
Khare V, Kushwaha P, Verma S, Gupta A, Srivastava S, et al. 2012. Pharmacognostic evaluation and antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. |
| [10] |
Upton R. 2013. Stinging nettles leaf (Urtica dioica L.): extraordinary vegetable medicine. |
| [11] |
Singh M, Kali G. 2019. Study on morpho-anatomical and histo-chemical characterisation of stinging nettle. Urtica dioica L. in Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(3): 4325−4331 |
| [12] |
Joshi BC, Mukhija M, Kalia AN. 2014. Pharmacognostical review of Urtica dioica L. |
| [13] |
Goswami NG, Koli M, Singh A, Giri D. 2022. Urtica dioica: an undervalued herb a comprehensive review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 11(3):169−173 |
| [14] |
Bagade P, Pant V, Pandey ST. 2021. Nutritional and antinutritional profiling of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 6(4):111−116 |
| [15] |
Zeković Z, Cvetanović A, Švarc-Gajić J, Gorjanović S, Sužnjević D, et al. 2017. Chemical and biological screening of stinging nettle leaves extracts obtained by modern extraction techniques. |
| [16] |
Devkota HP, Paudel KR, Khanal S, Baral A, Panth N, et al. 2022. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and food functional properties. |
| [17] |
Đurović S, Pavlić B, Šorgić S, Popov S, Savić S, et al. 2017. Chemical composition of stinging nettle leaves obtained by different analytical approaches. |
| [18] |
Engelhardt L, Pöhnl T, Neugart S. 2022. Edible wild vegetables Urtica dioica L. and Aegopodium podagraria L. – antioxidants affected by processing. |
| [19] |
Shonte TT, de Kock HL. 2017. Descriptive sensory evaluation of cooked stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) leaves and leaf infusions: effect of using fresh or oven-dried leaves. |
| [20] |
Skalska-Kamińska A, Wójciak W, Żuk M, Paduch R, Wójciak M. 2023. Protective effect of Urtica dioica extract against oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts. |
| [21] |
Cummings AJ, Olsen M. 2011. Mechanism of action of stinging nettles. |
| [22] |
Bayrami A, Haghgooie S, Rahim Pouran S, Mohammadi Arvanag F, Habibi-Yangjeh A. 2020. Synergistic antidiabetic activity of ZnO nanoparticles encompassed by Urtica dioica extract. |
| [23] |
Chehri A, Yarani R, Yousefi Z, Novin Bahador T, Shakouri SK, et al. 2022. Anti-diabetic potential of Urtica dioica: current knowledge and future direction. |
| [24] |
Zeipiņa S, Alsiņa I, Lepse L, Dūma M. 2015. Antioxidant activity in nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and garden orache (Atriplex hortensis L.) leaves during vegetation period. |
| [25] |
Sun W, Shahrajabian MH. 2023. Therapeutic potential of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants—natural health products for human health. |
| [26] |
Piché ME, Tchernof A, Després JP. 2020. Obesity phenotypes. diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. |
| [27] |
Meilawati L, Dewi RM, Tasfiyati AN, Septama AW, Antika LD. 2023. Scopoletin: anticancer potential and mechanism of action. |
| [28] |
Simancas B, Juvany M, Cotado A, Munné-Bosch S. 2016. Sex-related differences in photoinhibition. photo-oxidative stress and photoprotection in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) exposed to drought and nutrient deficiency. |
| [29] |
Đurović S, Kojić I, Radić D, Smyatskaya YA, Bazarnova JG, et al. 2024. Chemical constituents of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): a comprehensive review on phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and their bioactivity. |
| [30] |
Güzeldere HKB, Efendioğlu EH, Mutlu S, Esen HN, Karaca GN, et al. 2024. The relationship between dietary habits and menstruation problems in women: a cross-sectional study. |
| [31] |
Kim K, Mills JL, Michels KA, Chaljub EN, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. 2020. Dietary intakes of vitamin B-2 (riboflavin), vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 and ovarian cycle function among premenopausal women. |
| [32] |
Wang L, Zhao W, Yu J, Cardini F, Forcella E, et al. 2004. Vitamin K acupuncture point injection for severe primary dysmenorrhea: an international pilot study. Medscape General Medicine 6(4):45 |
| [33] |
Najafipour F, Ostad Rahimi A, Mobaseri M, Agamohamadzadeh N, Nikoo A, et al. 2014. Therapeutic effects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) in women with hyperandrogenism. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review 2(7):153−160 |
| [34] |
Bhusal KK, Magar SK, Thapa R, Lamsal A, Bhandari S, et al. 2022. Nutritional and pharmacological importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): a review. |
| [35] |
Hosseinabadi R, Heidari M, Anbari K, Pournia Y. 2014. Urtica dioica for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. |
| [36] |
IIrgin C, Çörekçi B, Ozan F, Halicioğlu K, Toptaş O, et al. 2016. Does stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) have an effect on bone formation in the expanded inter-premaxillary suture? |
| [37] |
Gungor M, Kurutas EB, Bakaris S. 2022. Effects of Urtica dioica seeds on oxidative/nitrosative stress levels and myeloperoxidase activity in muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury. |
| [38] |
Obanda DN, Zhao P, Richard AJ, Ribnicky D, Cefalu WT, Stephens JM. 2016. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) attenuates FFA induced ceramide accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in an adiponectin dependent manner. |
| [39] |
Zemmouri H, Sekiou O, Ammar S, El Feki A, Bouaziz M, et al. 2017. Urtica dioica attenuates ovalbumin-induced inflammation and lipid peroxidation of lung tissues in rat asthma model. |
| [40] |
Testai L, Chericoni S, Calderone V, Nencioni G, Nieri P, et al. 2002. Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) roots extracts: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies. |
| [41] |
Mahlangeni NT, Moodley R, Jonnalagadda SB. 2016. The distribution of macronutrients. anti-nutrients and essential elements in nettles, Laportea peduncularis susp. peduncularis (River nettle) and Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle). |
| [42] |
Konrad L, Müller HH, Lenz C, Laubinger H, Aumüller G, et al. 2000. Antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells by a stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) extract. |
| [43] |
Mohammadi A, Mansoori B, Goldar S, Shanehbandi D, Mohammadnejad L, et al. 2016. Effects of Urtica dioica dichloromethane extract on cell apoptosis and related gene expression in human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-468). Cellular and Molecular Biology 62(2):62−67 |
| [44] |
Kaur J, Gulati M, Singh SK, Kuppusamy G, Kapoor B, et al. 2022. Discovering multifaceted role of vanillic acid beyond flavours: nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. |
| [45] |
Wang J, Guo Y, Zhang S. 2018. Vanillic acid improve neural function after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. |
| [46] |
Kakkar S, Bais S. 2014. A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potential. |
| [47] |
Semaming Y, Pannengpetch P, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. 2015. Pharmacological properties of protocatechuic acid and its potential roles as complementary medicine. |
| [48] |
Badmus OO, Hillhouse SA, Anderson CD, Hinds TD Jr, Stec DE. 2022. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways. |
| [49] |
Dhiman S, Mukherjee G. 2020. Gallic acid (GA): a multifaceted biomolecule transmuting the biotechnology era. In Recent Developments in Microbial Technologies, eds Prasad R, Kumar V, Singh J, Upadhyaya CP. Singapore: Springer. pp. 163−202 doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4439-2_8 |
| [50] |
Zhao XL, Cao ZJ, Li KD, Tang F, Xu LY, et al. 2025. Gallic acid: a dietary metabolite's therapeutic potential in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. |
| [51] |
Srinivasulu C, Ramgopal M, Ramanjaneyulu G, Anuradha CM, Kumar CS. 2018. Syringic acid (SA) ‒ a review of its occurrence. biosynthesis, pharmacological and industrial importance. |
| [52] |
Abaza MS, Al-Attiyah R, Bhardwaj R, Abbadi G, Koyippally M, et al. 2013. Syringic acid from Tamarix aucheriana possesses antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities in human colorectal cancer cells. |
| [53] |
Sharma N, Tiwari N, Vyas M, Khurana N, Muthuraman A, et al. 2020. An overview of therapeutic effects of vanillic acid. Plant Archives 20(2):3053−3059 |
| [54] |
Zhou Y, Li P, Zhi Z, Chen R, Li C, et al. 2025. Vanillic acid ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing the inflammation response via inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. |
| [55] |
Siddiquee R, Mahmood T, Ansari VA, Ahsan F, Bano S, et al. 2025. Apigenin unveiled: an encyclopedic review of its preclinical and clinical insights. |
| [56] |
Monadi T, Mohajer Z, Soltani A, Khazeei Tabari MA, Manayi A, et al. 2025. The influence of apigenin on cellular responses to radiation: from protection to sensitization. |
| [57] |
Zillich OV, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Hasenkopf K, Eisner P, Kerscher M. 2013. Release and in vitro skin permeation of polyphenols from cosmetic emulsions. |
| [58] |
Oliveira ALS, Valente D, Moreira HR, Pintado M, Costa P. 2022. Effect of squalane-based emulsion on polyphenols skin penetration: ex vivo skin study. |
| [59] |
Bae J, Kim N, Shin Y, Kim SY, Kim YJ. 2020. Activity of catechins and their applications. |
| [60] |
Jalil SU, Ahmad I, Ansari MI. 2017. Functional loss of GABA transaminase (GABA-T) expressed early leaf senescence under various stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. |
| [61] |
Ramos-Ruiz R, Martinez F, Knauf-Beiter G. 2019. The effects of GABA in plants. |
| [62] |
Grauso L, de Falco B, Lanzotti V, Motti R. 2020. Stinging nettle, Urtica dioica L.: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview. |