[1]

Kozlowski TT. 2002. Physiological ecology of natural regeneration of harvested and disturbed forest stands: implications for forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 158(1−3):195−221

doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00712-X
[2]

Cambi M, Certini G, Neri F, Marchi E. 2015. The impact of heavy traffic on forest soils: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 338:124−138

doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.022
[3]

Picchio R, Magagnotti N, Sirna A, Spinelli R. 2012. Improved winching technique to reduce logging damage. Ecological Engineering 47:83−86

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.06.037
[4]

Tavankar F, Bonyad AE, Majnounian B. 2015. Affective factors on residual tree damage during selection cutting and cable-skidder logging in the Caspian forests, Northern Iran. Ecological Engineering 83:505−512

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.07.018
[5]

Forest Resource Assessment Nepal. 2015. State of Nepal's forests. Forest Resource Assessment (FRA), Nepal

[6]

Rijal S, Sinutok S, Techato K, Gentle P, Khanal U, et al. 2022. Contribution of community-managed sal-based forest in climate change adaptation and mitigation: a case from Nepal. Forests 13(2):262

doi: 10.3390/f13020262
[7]

Premer MI, Froese RE, Webster CR, Nagel LM. 2016. Vegetation response to logging residue removals in Great Lakes aspen forests: long-term trends under operational management. Forest Ecology and Management 382:257−268

doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.048
[8]

Kizha AR, Nahor E, Coogen N, Louis LT, George AK. 2021. Residual stand damage under different harvesting methods and mitigation strategies. Sustainability 13(14):7641

doi: 10.3390/su13147641
[9]

Bodaghi AI, Nikooy M, Naghdi R, Tavankar F. 2020. Logging damage to residual trees during sustainable harvesting of uneven-age stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 50:1

doi: 10.33494/nzjfs502020x15x
[10]

Latterini F, Venanzi R, Picchio R. 2024. ACORN review: to what extent can we consider animal logging as a low-impact harvesting system? Forest Ecology and Management 564:122047

doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122047
[11]

Eberhard B, Trailovic Z, Magagnotti N, Spinelli R. 2025. A GIS-based decision support model (DSM) for harvesting system selection on steep terrain: integrating operational and silvicultural criteria. Forests 16(5):854

doi: 10.3390/f16050854
[12]

Tavankar F, Bonyad AE, Nikooy M, Picchio R, Venanzi R, et al. 2017. Damages to soil and tree species by cable-skidding in Caspian forests of Iran. Forest Systems 26(1):e009

doi: 10.5424/fs/2017261-09100
[13]

Hartsough B. 2003. Economics of harvesting to maintain high structural diversity and resulting damage to residual trees. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 18(2):133−142

doi: 10.1093/wjaf/18.2.133
[14]

Knežević J, Gurda S, Musić J, Halilović V, Sokolović D, et al. 2018. The impact of animal logging on residual trees in mixed fir and spruce stands. South-East European Forestry 9(2):107−114

doi: 10.15177/seefor.18-16
[15]

Hwang K, Han HS, Marshall SE, Page-Dumroese DS. 2018. Amount and location of damage to residual trees from cut-to-length thinning operations in a young redwood forest in northern California. Forests 9(6):352

doi: 10.3390/f9060352
[16]

Hosseini SM, Madjnonian B, Nieuwenhuis M. 2000. Damage to natural regeneration in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran: a comparison of two typical timber extraction operations. Journal of Forest Engineering 11(2):69−73

doi: 10.1080/08435243.2000.10702756
[17]

Aryal U, Neupane PR, Rijal B, Manthey M. 2022. Timber losses during harvesting in managed Shorea robusta forests of Nepal. Land 11(1):67

doi: 10.3390/land11010067
[18]

Khadka P, Ayer K, Miya MS. 2023. Effect of irregular shelterwood system-based scientific forest management on tree species distribution, diversity, and regeneration in Shorea robusta (Sal) forest of Kailali district, Nepal. Ceylon Journal of Science 52(1):23

doi: 10.4038/cjs.v52i1.8101
[19]

Ojha P, Acharya KR, Subedi A, Regmi S. 2024. Impact of silviculture system on regeneration status and species diversity: reflection from far-western lowland, Nepal. Banko Janakari 33(2):24−37

doi: 10.3126/banko.v33i2.58280
[20]

Pokhrel N, Timilsina S, Awasthi N, Adhikari A, Adhikari B, et al. 2024. Implications of irregular shelterwood system on regeneration and species diversity of Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forest in Nepal. Heliyon 10(1):e23156

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23156
[21]

Poudel A, Ayer S, Joshi R, Gautam J, Timilsina S, et al. 2024. Effect of the irregular shelterwood system on soil organic carbon stock and soil quality of Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. forest in Nepal. Heliyon 10(15):e35441

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35441
[22]

Ayer S. 2023. Study of phytosociological parameters and carbon stock between two community forest of different ecological regions of Udaypur District of Nepal. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Advancements 1(2):32−44

doi: 10.3126/jomra.v1i2.61188
[23]

Badraghi N, Erler J, Hosseini SAO. 2015. Residual damage in different ground logging methods alongside skid trails and winching strips. Journal of Forest Science 61(12):526−534

doi: 10.17221/50/2015-JFS
[24]

Matangaran JR, Putra EI, Diatin I, Mujahid M, Adlan Q. 2019. Residual stand damage from selective logging of tropical forests: a comparative case study in central Kalimantan and West Sumatra, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation 19:e00688

doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00688
[25]

Ursić B, Vusić D, Papa I, Poršinsky T, Zečić Ž, et al. 2022. Damage to residual trees in thinning of broadleaf stand by mechanised harvesting system. Forests 13(1):51

doi: 10.3390/f13010051
[26]

Lee E, Lee ST, Mun HS, Chung S, Oh JH. 2024. Assessing the residual stand damage after thinning with different levels of mechanization. Forests 15(5):794

doi: 10.3390/f15050794
[27]

Kahouadji N. 2025. A comprehensive comparison of the Wald, Wilson, and adjusted Wilson confidence intervals for proportions. arXiv 00:2508.10223

doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2508.10223
[28]

Jylhä P, Laitila J, Hallikainen V, Aatsinki P, Kukkonen M, et al. 2024. Seedling damage caused by wood harvesting and soil scarification in rotation and continuous cover forestry in Scots-pine-dominated boreal forests. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 39(1):44−58

doi: 10.1080/02827581.2023.2289656
[29]

Suhartana S, Yuniawati Y. 2019. The economic and environmentally friendly tree felling techniques in natural forest. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 359:012007

doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/359/1/012007
[30]

Yuniawati Y, Dulsalam D. 2020. Residual stand damage due to timber harvesting in PT tunas timber lestari, Papua. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 9(2):121

doi: 10.18330/jwallacea.2020.vol9iss2pp121-132
[31]

Joshi R, Zhang H, Maraseni T, Dhakal N, Gautam J, et al. 2026. Unlocking the potential of private forests for carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, and livelihoods in Nepal. International Forestry Review 28(1):67−84

doi: 10.1505/146554826840903041
[32]

Surakka H, Sirén M, Heikkinen J, Valkonen S. 2011. Damage to saplings in mechanized selection cutting in uneven-aged Norway spruce stands. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 26(3):232−244

doi: 10.1080/02827581.2011.552518
[33]

Needham JF, Arellano G, Davies SJ, Fisher RA, Hammer V, et al. 2022. Tree crown damage and its effects on forest carbon cycling in a tropical forest. Global Change Biology 28(18):5560−5574

doi: 10.1111/gcb.16318
[34]

Tavankar F, Majnounian B, Bonyad AE. 2013. Felling and skidding damage to residual trees following selection cutting in Caspian forests of Iran. Journal of Forest Science 59(5):196−203

doi: 10.17221/53/2012-jfs
[35]

Tavankar F, Nikooy M, Lo Monaco A, Latterini F, Venanzi R, et al. 2020. Short-term recovery of residual tree damage during successive thinning operations. Forests 11(7):731

doi: 10.3390/f11070731
[36]

Stokes V, Kerr G, Ireland D. 2009. Seedling height and the impact of harvesting operations on advance regeneration of conifer species in upland Britain. Forestry 82(2):185−198

doi: 10.1093/forestry/cpn053