[1]

Zheng X, Rehman A, Alam O, Ijaz S, Qian F, et al. 2025. Exploring soil microplastic contamination pathways, influencing factors on distribution, eco-human implications, and nano-remediation strategies. Applied Soil Ecology 214:106369

doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106369
[2]

Hoang VH, Nguyen MK, Hoang TD, Ha MC, Huyen NTT, et al. 2024. Sources, environmental fate, and impacts of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils: a comprehensive review. Science of The Total Environment 950:175276

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175276
[3]

Jacques O, Prosser RS. 2021. A probabilistic risk assessment of microplastics in soil ecosystems. Science of The Total Environment 757:143987

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143987
[4]

Yang H, Yan Y, Yu Y, He Y, Fu B, et al. 2022. Distribution, sources, migration, influence and analytical methods of microplastics in soil ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 243:114009

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114009
[5]

Alva PP, Thomas TA. 2025. Microplastics: a global threat to life and living. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 197:725

doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14160-w
[6]

Liu L, Sun Y, Du S, Li Y, Wang J. 2024. Nanoplastics promote the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and diversify their bacterial hosts in soil. Eco-Environment & Health 3:1−10

doi: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.005
[7]

Ioannidis I, Kinigopoulou V, Anastopoulos I, Giannakoudakis DA, Pashalidis I. 2024. The interaction of two emerging pollutants, radionuclides and microplastics: in-depth thermodynamic studies in water, seawater, and wastewater. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment 8:100184

doi: 10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100184
[8]

Chen P, Fu F, Zhao L, Li X, Sun Y, et al. 2025. Effects of conventional and biodegradable microplastics at comparable environmental levels on pesticide degradation in soil. Applied Soil Ecology 212:106189

doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106189
[9]

Zeb A, Liu W, Ali N, Shi R, Wang Q, et al. 2024. Microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems: global implications and sustainable solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 461:132636

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132636
[10]

Amato-Lourenço LF, Bertoldi C, van Praagh M, Rillig M. 2025. Environmental factors influence airborne microplastic deposition in the soil of urban allotment gardens. Environmental Pollution 375:126372

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126372
[11]

Piwowarska D, Kiedrzyńska E, Jaszczyszyn K. 2024. A global perspective on the nature and fate of heavy metals polluting water ecosystems, and their impact and remediation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 54:1436−1458

doi: 10.1080/10643389.2024.2317112
[12]

Campillo-Cora C, Rodríguez-Seijo A, Pérez-Rodríguez P, Fernández-Calviño D, Santás-Miguel V. 2025. Effect of heavy metal pollution on soil microorganisms: influence of soil physicochemical properties. A systematic review. European Journal of Soil Biology 124:103706

doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2024.103706
[13]

Setu S, Strezov V. 2025. Impacts of non-ferrous metal mining on soil heavy metal pollution and risk assessment. Science of The Total Environment 969:178962

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178962
[14]

Hou D, Jia X, Wang L, McGrath SP, Zhu YG, et al. 2025. Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health. Science 388:316−321

doi: 10.1126/science.adr5214
[15]

He G, Xie H, Tan B, Chen M, Wu Z, et al. 2025. Effects of microplastics and heavy metal stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of pioneer plant Avicennia marina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 216:117929

doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117929
[16]

He Z, Wang Y, Fu Y, Qin X, Lan W, et al. 2025. Potential impacts of polyethylene microplastics and heavy metals on Bidens pilosa L. growth: shifts in root-associated endophyte microbial communities. Journal of Hazardous Materials 490:137698

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137698
[17]

Kumar R, Ivy N, Bhattacharya S, Dey A, Sharma P. 2022. Coupled effects of microplastics and heavy metals on plants: uptake, bioaccumulation, and environmental health perspectives. Science of The Total Environment 836:155619

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155619
[18]

An Q, Zhou T, Wen C, Yan C. 2023. The effects of microplastics on heavy metals bioavailability in soils: a meta-analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 460:132369

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132369
[19]

Wan L, Cheng H, Liu Y, Shen Y, Liu G, et al. 2023. Global meta-analysis reveals differential effects of microplastics on soil ecosystem. Science of The Total Environment 867:161403

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161403
[20]

Ding L, Huang D, Ouyang Z, Guo X. 2022. The effects of microplastics on soil ecosystem: a review. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 26:100344

doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100344
[21]

Dong Y, Gao M, Qiu W, Song Z. 2021. Uptake of microplastics by carrots in presence of As (III): combined toxic effects. Journal of Hazardous Materials 411:125055

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125055
[22]

Huang C, Ge Y, Yue S, Zhao L, Qiao Y. 2021. Microplastics aggravate the joint toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida with cadmium by altering its availability. Science of The Total Environment 753:142042

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142042
[23]

Sun N, Shi H, Li X, Gao C, Liu R. 2023. Combined toxicity of micro/nanoplastics loaded with environmental pollutants to organisms and cells: role, effects, and mechanism. Environment International 171:107711

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107711
[24]

Iqbal B, Javed Q, Khan I, Tariq M, Ahmad N, et al. 2023. Influence of soil microplastic contamination and cadmium toxicity on the growth, physiology, and root growth traits of Triticum aestivum L. South African Journal of Botany 160:369−375

doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.025
[25]

Bian J, Peng N, Zhou Z, Yang J, Wang X. 2024. A critical review of co-pollution of microplastics and heavy metals in agricultural soil environments. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 286:117248

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117248
[26]

Song J, Chen X, Li S, Tang H, Dong S, et al. 2024. The environmental impact of mask-derived microplastics on soil ecosystems. Science of The Total Environment 912:169182

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169182
[27]

Xiang Y, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Luo Z, Zhi D, et al. 2022. Microplastics and environmental pollutants: key interaction and toxicology in aquatic and soil environments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 422:126843

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126843
[28]

Zhang Y, Li D, Hui K, Wang H, Yuan Y, et al. 2025. The combined microplastics and heavy metals contamination between the soil and aquatic media: a review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13:115806

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.115806
[29]

Kutralam-Muniasamy G, Pérez-Guevara F, Martínez IE, Shruti VC. 2021. Overview of microplastics pollution with heavy metals: analytical methods, occurrence, transfer risks and call for standardization. Journal of Hazardous Materials 415:125755

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125755
[30]

Bi S, Liu S, Liu E, Xiong J, Xu Y, et al. 2024. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of heavy metals onto microplastics: a meta-analysis assisted by machine learning. Environmental Pollution 360:124634

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124634
[31]

Chang B, Yang T, Fan S, Zhen L, Zhong X, et al. 2025. Molecular-level insights of microplastic-derived soluble organic matter and heavy metal interactions in different environmental occurrences through EEM-PARAFAC and FT-ICR MS. Journal of Hazardous Materials 487:137050

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.137050
[32]

Khalid N, Aqeel M, Lee SY, Ejaz U, Noman A, et al. 2025. Association of microplastics with lead and cadmium in soil: land-use and temporal trends. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13(4):117067

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.117067
[33]

Lin L, Tang S, Sun X, Feng A, Liang W, et al. 2022. Adsorption of Pb(II) ions and tetracycline onto microplastics: interaction mechanisms and synergistic effects. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 41:4022−4031 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2021.0052
[34]

Wu S, Cai C, Wang W, Bao M, Huang J, et al. 2024. The interaction of microplastic and heavy metal in bioretention cell: contributions of water-soil-plant system. Environmental Pollution 361:124853

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124853
[35]

Shirkhorshidi B, Ghanatghestani MD, Moeinpour F, Parvaresh H. 2023. Exploring the interaction between microplastics and heavy metals: unveiling the impact of microplastics on lead sorption and desorption in soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 195:1017

doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-11640-9
[36]

Liang W, Wei S, Lan L, Chen J, Zhou Y, et al. 2023. Effect of microplastics on the binding properties of Pb(II) onto dissolved organic matter: insights from fluorescence spectra and FTIR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. RSC Advances 13:24201−24210

doi: 10.1039/d3ra04189a
[37]

Li Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Zhao J. 2025. Polyester-based biodegradable microplastics drive shifts in antibiotic resistance genes in Pb and sulfamethazine co-contaminated soil: exogenous bioavailable carbon enhanced enzyme activity and functional taxa proliferation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13:120004

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.120004
[38]

Li Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Sun Y, Xia S, et al. 2022. Effect of biofilm colonization on Pb(II) adsorption onto poly(butylene succinate) microplastic during its biodegradation. Science of The Total Environment 833:155251

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155251
[39]

Li Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Xia S, Xu H, et al. 2025. Adsorption-desorption behavior of sulfamethazine on biodegradable polyester microplastics: effects of sunlight vs. sewage microbial exposure. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13:117734

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.117734
[40]

Briassoulis D, Giannoulis A. 2018. Evaluation of the functionality of bio-based plastic mulching films. Polymer Testing 67:99−109

doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.02.019
[41]

Li JL, Li NY, Ni J, Wan RL, Yang JY. 2024. Effects of microplastics on soil physicochemical properties and vertical migration and transformation of chromium. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 12:114577

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114577
[42]

Gan CD, Liao YL, Liu HB, Yang JY, Nikitin A. 2025. Microplastic-induced changes in Cd and Cr behavior in the agricultural soil-wheat system: insights into metal bioavailability and phytotoxicity. Journal of Hazardous Materials 482:136592

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136592
[43]

Han X, Wang S, Yu X, Vogt RD, Feng J, et al. 2021. Kinetics and size effects on adsorption of Cu(II), Cr(III), and Pb(II) onto polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate microplastic particles. Frontiers in Marine Science 8:785146

doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.785146
[44]

Chakraborty S, Drexel R, Bhadane P, Langford N, Dhumal P, et al. 2025. An integrated multimethod approach for size-specific assessment of potentially toxic element adsorption onto micro- and nanoplastics: implications for environmental risk. Nanoscale 17:9122−9136

doi: 10.1039/D5NR00353A
[45]

Liu P, Wu X, Pan S, Dai J, Zhang Z, et al. 2022. Photochlorination-induced degradation of microplastics and interaction with Cr(VI) and amlodipine. Science of The Total Environment 835:155499

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155499
[46]

Pedroza RHP, David C, Barriada JL, Rey-Castro C, Lodeiro P. 2025. The role of photooxidation and organic matter in Cr(III) and Cr(VI) interactions with poly(lactic acid) microplastics in aqueous solution. Science of The Total Environment 963:178431

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178431
[47]

Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li X, He D. 2022. Interaction of microplastics and soil animals in agricultural ecosystems. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 26:100327

doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100327
[48]

Han ZM, Bhat SA, Dewi SK, Wei Y, Li F. 2024. Adsorption of arsenic and cadmium on biodegradable and non-biodegradable microplastics in soil: comparison based on batch experiment. Soil Systems 8:116

doi: 10.3390/soilsystems8040116
[49]

Tang Y, Xing Y, Wang X, Ya H, Zhang T, et al. 2024. PET microplastics influenced microbial community and heavy metal speciation in heavy-metal contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology 201:105488

doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105488
[50]

Gong K, Zhang Q, Shao X, Wu Y, Qiao Z, et al. 2024. Microplastics alter Cr accumulation and fruit quality in Cr(VI) contaminated soil-cucumber system during the lifecycle: insight from rhizosphere bacteria and root metabolism. Science of The Total Environment 912:168792

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168792
[51]

Kubier A, Wilkin RT, Pichler T. 2019. Cadmium in soils and groundwater: a review. Applied Geochemistry 108:104388

doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104388
[52]

Shao X, Liang W, Gong K, Qiao Z, Zhang W, et al. 2024. Effect of biodegradable microplastics and Cd co-pollution on Cd bioavailability and plastisphere in soil-plant system. Chemosphere 369:143822

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143822
[53]

Zhao W, Ye T, Zhou J, Zhang X, Wang K, et al. 2024. Hydrogen bonding-mediated interaction underlies the enhanced membrane toxicity of chemically transformed polystyrene microplastics by cadmium. Journal of Hazardous Materials 478:135562

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135562
[54]

Baun DL, Christensen TH. 2004. Speciation of heavy metals in landfill leachate: a review. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 22:3−23

doi: 10.1177/0734242X04042146
[55]

Paço A, Duarte K, da Costa JP, Santos PSM, Pereira R, et al. 2017. Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastics by the marine fungus Zalerion maritimum. Science of The Total Environment 586:10−15

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.017
[56]

Yang J, Yang Y, Wu WM, Zhao J, Jiang L. 2014. Evidence of polyethylene biodegradation by bacterial strains from the guts of plastic-eating waxworms. Environmental Science & Technology 48:13776−13784

doi: 10.1021/es504038a
[57]

Wang L, Xu M, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang Q, et al. 2022. Distinct adverse outcomes and lipid profiles of erythrocytes upon single and combined exposure to cadmium and microplastics. Chemosphere 307:135942

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135942
[58]

Colpaert R, de Vaufleury A, Rieffel D, Amiot C, Crini N, et al. 2024. The effects of polystyrene microparticles on the environmental availability and bioavailability of As, Cd and Hg in soil for the land snail Cantareus aspersus. Science of The Total Environment 947:174451

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174451
[59]

Narhayanan TN, Ou B, Janjaroen D. 2024. Does short-span chemical oxidation induce more weathering than prolonged thermal aging on polypropylene microplastics? Its consequence during the interaction with cadmium. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 12:114711

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114711
[60]

Yu J, Adingo S, Liu X, Li X, Sun J, et al. 2022. Micro plastics in soil ecosystem - a review of sources, fate, and ecological impact. Plant, Soil and Environment 68:1−17

doi: 10.17221/242/2021-PSE
[61]

Hiller JE. 1966. Phasenumwandlungen im rost. Materials and Corrosion 17:943−951

doi: 10.1002/maco.19660171104
[62]

Premarathna KSD, Mohan D, Biswas JK, Wijesekara H, Jayasanka J, et al. 2023. Arsenic interaction with microplastics: implications for soil-water-food nexus. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 34:100482

doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100482
[63]

Li HQ, Lv JP, Jia YH, Liu J, Liang Q, et al. 2025. Conventional and biodegradable microplastics affected arsenic mobility and methylation in paddy soils through distinct chemical-microbial pathways. Journal of Hazardous Materials 481:136533

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136533
[64]

Irshad MK, Aqeel M, Saleem S, Javed W, Noman A, et al. 2024. Mechanistic insight into interactive effect of microplastics and arsenic on growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soil health indicators. Science of The Total Environment 955:176875

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176875
[65]

Luo H, Chang L, Ju T, Li Y. 2024. Factors influencing the vertical migration of microplastics up and down the soil profile. ACS Omega 9:50064−50077

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04083
[66]

Xu L, Xie W, Dai H, Wei S, Skuza L, et al. 2024. Effects of combined microplastics and heavy metals pollution on terrestrial plants and rhizosphere environment: a review. Chemosphere 358:142107

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142107
[67]

Chen Y, Tang H, Cheng Y, Huang T, Xing B. 2023. Interaction between microplastics and humic acid and its effect on their properties as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Hazardous Materials 455:131636

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131636
[68]

Guo X, Zhu L, Zhong H, Li P, Zhang C, et al. 2021. Response of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes to tetracyclines and copper in substrate-free hydroponic microcosms with Myriophyllum aquaticum. Journal of Hazardous Materials 413:125444

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125444
[69]

Gao Z, Cizdziel JV, Wontor K, Olubusoye BS. 2023. Adsorption/desorption of mercury (II) by artificially weathered microplastics: kinetics, isotherms, and influencing factors. Environmental Pollution 337:122621

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122621
[70]

Yang X, Li Z, Ma C, Yang Z, Wei J, et al. 2022. Microplastics influence on Hg methylation in diverse paddy soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials 423:126895

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126895
[71]

Liu X, Fang L, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Zhou X, Yan B. 2024. Microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter: generation, characterization, and environmental behaviors. Science of The Total Environment 948:174811

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174811
[72]

Oladoye PO, Wang K, Aguilar K, Liu G, Cai Y. 2024. Particles-involved photochemical processes: a review for the case of mercury reduction in relation to aquatic mercury cycling. Science of The Total Environment 931:172845

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172845
[73]

Adewumi AJ, Laniyan TA. 2020. Contamination, sources and risk assessments of metals in media from Anka artisanal gold mining area, Northwest Nigeria. Science of The Total Environment 718:137235

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137235
[74]

Cui L, Liang R, Zhang C, Zhang R, Wang H, et al. 2024. Coupling polyethylene microplastics with other pollutants: exploring their combined effects on plant health and technologies for mitigating toxicity. Science of The Total Environment 955:176657

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176657
[75]

Yu Q, Gao B, Wu P, Chen M, He C, et al. 2023. Effects of microplastics on the phytoremediation of Cd, Pb, and Zn contaminated soils by Solanum photeinocarpum and Lantana camara. Environmental Research 231:116312

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116312
[76]

Wang Y, Wang Y, Shao T, Wang R, Dong Z, et al. 2024. Antibiotics and microplastics in manure and surrounding soil of farms in the Loess Plateau: occurrence and correlation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 465:133434

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133434
[77]

Feng X, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhang S, Wang F. 2022. Microplastics change soil properties, heavy metal availability and bacterial community in a Pb-Zn-contaminated soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424:127364

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127364
[78]

Zhang S, Han B, Sun Y, Wang F. 2020. Microplastics influence the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cd in an agricultural soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 388:121775

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121775
[79]

Zhang L, Liu X, Ge S, Shi W, Zhang R, et al. 2026. Remediation of ternary heavy metal-polyethylene microplastics co-contaminated soil using co-modified biochar with deep eutectic solvent and warm patch: competitive interactions, mechanistic insights, and microbial community response. Environmental Research 288:123318

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.123318
[80]

Meng J, Li W, Diao C, Li Z, Zhao J, et al. 2023. Microplastics drive microbial assembly, their interactions, and metagenomic functions in two soils with distinct pH and heavy metal availability. Journal of Hazardous Materials 458:131973

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131973
[81]

Tang Y, Li G, Iqbal B, Tariq M, Rehman A, et al. 2023. Soil nutrient levels regulate the effect of soil microplastic contamination on microbial element metabolism and carbon use efficiency. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 267:115640

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115640
[82]

Fei J, Bai X, Jiang C, Yin X, Ni BJ. 2024. A state-of-the-art review of environmental behavior and potential risks of biodegradable microplastics in soil ecosystems: comparison with conventional microplastics. Science of The Total Environment 954:176342

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176342
[83]

Hasnain M, Ali F, Hira I, Zainab R, Shanableh A, et al. 2025. Navigating towards a plastic-free future: a holistic review of microplastic accumulation and management for land and environmental sustainability. Environmental Research 285:122572

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122572
[84]

Cao L, Xie H, Sun R, He L, Dai Z, et al. 2025. Microplastics and heavy metals reshape mangrove rhizosphere microbiomes and compromise carbon fixation potential. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 303:118900

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118900
[85]

Nair HT, Sivaraman R, Ponnusamy S, Palanisamy R, Perumal S. 2025. Microplastic particles as a vector for toxic-heavy metals: a study on selective aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Sustainable Chemistry One World 7:100097

doi: 10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100097
[86]

Bagheri S, Ali Heidari A, Gholamhosseini A. 2024. Microplastics: challenges and roles as a vector – a literature review. Aquaculture Reports 39:102521

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102521
[87]

Jiang W, Wang Z, Xiao H, Abou-Elwafa SF, Ali Alshehri M, et al. 2024. Response of soil heavy metal forms and bioavailability to the application of microplastics across five years in different soil types. Journal of Hazardous Materials 480:136068

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136068
[88]

Li B, Song J, Guan M, Chen Z, Tang B, et al. 2024. With spatial distribution, risk evaluation of heavy metals and microplastics to emphasize the composite mechanism in hyporheic sediments of Beiluo River. Journal of Hazardous Materials 462:132784

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132784
[89]

Liu M, Wang C, Zhu B. 2023. Drought alleviates the negative effects of microplastics on soil micro-food web complexity and stability. Environmental Science & Technology 57:11206−11217

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01538
[90]

Pang X, Chen C, Sun J, Zhan H, Xiao Y, et al. 2023. Effects of complex pollution by microplastics and heavy metals on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities under alternate wetting and drying conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 458:131989

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131989
[91]

Wang K, Wang F, Yu Y, Yang S, Han Y, et al. 2025. Microplastics and soil microbiomes. BMC Biology 23:273

doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02387-5
[92]

Wang Z, Wang B, Liu Q, Huo X, Chang T, et al. 2025. Predicting heavy metals adsorption on microplastics and unraveling the adsorption mechanism with machine learning methods. Surfaces and Interfaces 72:107101

doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107101
[93]

Kajal S, Thakur S. 2024. Coexistence of microplastics and heavy metals in soil: occurrence, transport, key interactions and effect on plants. Environmental Research 262:119960

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119960
[94]

Fan C, Li Y, Tian C, Li Z. 2024. Effects of microplastics on soil C and N cycling with or without interactions with soil amendments or soil fauna. European Journal of Soil Science 75:e13446

doi: 10.1111/ejss.13446
[95]

He S, Wei Y, Yang C, He Z. 2022. Interactions of microplastics and soil pollutants in soil-plant systems. Environmental Pollution 315:120357

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120357
[96]

Xu Y, Ou Q, van der Hoek JP, Liu G, Lompe KM. 2024. Photo-oxidation of micro- and nanoplastics: physical, chemical, and biological effects in environments. Environmental Science & Technology 58:991−1009

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07035
[97]

Zhang Z, Cui Q, Chen L, Zhu X, Zhao S, et al. 2022. A critical review of microplastics in the soil-plant system: distribution, uptake, phytotoxicity and prevention. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424:127750

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127750
[98]

Spohn M, Bagchi S, Biederman LA, Borer ET, Bråthen KA, et al. 2023. The positive effect of plant diversity on soil carbon depends on climate. Nature Communications 14:6624

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42340-0
[99]

van Dijk JR, Kranchev M, Blust R, Cuypers A, Vissenberg K. 2022. Arabidopsis root growth and development under metal exposure presented in an adverse outcome pathway framework. Plant, Cell & Environment 45:737−750

doi: 10.1111/pce.14147
[100]

Yuan Z, Cai S, Yan C, Rao S, Cheng S, et al. 2024. Research progress on the physiological mechanism by which selenium alleviates heavy metal stress in plants: a review. Agronomy 14:1787

doi: 10.3390/agronomy14081787
[101]

Riyazuddin R, Nisha N, Ejaz B, Khan MIR, Kumar M, et al. 2022. A comprehensive review on the heavy metal toxicity and sequestration in plants. Biomolecules 12:43

doi: 10.3390/biom12010043
[102]

Chukwu EC, Gulser C. 2025. Morphological, physiological, and anatomical effects of heavy metals on soil and plant health and possible remediation technologies. Soil Security 18:100178

doi: 10.1016/j.soisec.2025.100178
[103]

Sa'adu I, Farsang A. 2023. Plastic contamination in agricultural soils: a review. Environmental Sciences Europe 35:13

doi: 10.1186/s12302-023-00720-9
[104]

Tang KHD. 2023. Microplastics in agricultural soils in China: Sources, impacts and solutions. Environmental Pollution 322:121235

doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121235
[105]

Xu H, Chen C, Pang Z, Zhang G, Zhang W, et al. 2024. Effects of microplastics concentration on plant root traits and biomass: experiment and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 285:117038

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117038
[106]

Xiang Y, Yao B, Peñuelas J, Sardans J, Nizzetto L, et al. 2025. Microplastic effects on soil nitrogen cycling enzymes: a global meta-analysis of environmental and edaphic factors. Journal of Hazardous Materials 484:136677

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136677
[107]

Roy R, Hossain A, Sultana S, Deb B, Ahmod MM, et al. 2024. Microplastics increase cadmium absorption and impair nutrient uptake and growth in red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in the presence of cadmium and biochar. BMC Plant Biology 24:608

doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-05312-0
[108]

Erdem H, Gence CÇ, Öztürk M, Buhan E, Kholikulov ST, et al. 2025. Microplastics in soil increase cadmium toxicity: implications for plant growth and nutrient imbalance. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 236:575

doi: 10.1007/s11270-025-08222-5
[109]

An Q, Wen C, Yan C. 2024. Meta-analysis reveals the combined effects of microplastics and heavy metal on plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials 476:135028

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135028
[110]

Ho WK, Law JC, Lo JC, Chng IK, Hor CH, et al. 2023. Sorption behavior, speciation, and toxicity of microplastic-bound chromium in multisolute systems. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 10:27−32

doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00689
[111]

Zakaria Z, Zulkafflee NS, Mohd Redzuan NA, Selamat J, Ismail MR, et al. 2021. Understanding potential heavy metal contamination, absorption, translocation and accumulation in rice and human health risks. Plants 10:1070

doi: 10.3390/plants10061070
[112]

Okechukwu Ohiagu F, Chikezie PC, Ahaneku CC, Chikezie CM. 2022. Human exposure to heavy metals: toxicity mechanisms and health implications. Material Science & Engineering International 6:78−87

doi: 10.15406/mseij.2022.06.00183
[113]

Li Y, Tao L, Wang Q, Wang F, Li G, et al. 2023. Potential health impact of microplastics: a review of environmental distribution, human exposure, and toxic effects. Environment & Health 1:249−257

doi: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00052
[114]

Lalrinfela P, Vanlalsangi R, Lalrinzuali K, Babu PJ. 2024. Microplastics: their effects on the environment, human health, and plant ecosystems. Environmental Pollution and Management 1:248−259

doi: 10.1016/j.epm.2024.11.004
[115]

Noh Y, Odimayomi T, Teimouri Sendesi SM, Youngblood JP, Whelton AJ. 2022. Environmental and human health risks of plastic composites can be reduced by optimizing manufacturing conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production 356:131803

doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131803
[116]

Alameri AA, Mahdi IJ, Ameer FSA, Khaleel AK. 2022. Study into how heavy metal exposure increases the chance of developing lung cancer. Journal of Global Scientific Research in Chemistry 2023:2851−2860

doi: 10.5281/jgsr.2023.7541417
[117]

Zhang J, Hou X, Zhang K, Xiao Q, Gardea-Torresdey JL, et al. 2025. Photochemistry of microplastics-derived dissolved organic matter: reactive species generation and organic pollutant degradation. Water Research 269:122802

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122802
[118]

Swathi Priya P, Tanushree P. 2025. Synergistic human health risks of microplastics and co-contaminants: a quantitative risk assessment in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 491:137809

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137809
[119]

Shang G, Zhai J, Xu G, Wang L, Wang X. 2023. Ecotoxicological effects of co-exposure biodegradable microplastics polylactic acid with cadmium are higher than conventional microplastics polystyrene with cadmium on the earthworm. Science of The Total Environment 903:166953

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166953
[120]

Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M. 2021. Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12:643972

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972
[121]

Su Y, Hu X, Tang H, Lu K, Li H, et al. 2022. Steam disinfection releases micro(nano)plastics from silicone-rubber baby teats as examined by optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy. Nature Nanotechnology 17:76−85

doi: 10.1038/s41565-021-00998-x
[122]

Horvatits T, Tamminga M, Liu B, Sebode M, Carambia A, et al. 2022. Microplastics detected in cirrhotic liver tissue. eBioMedicine 82:104147

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104147
[123]

Banerjee A, Shelver WL. 2021. Micro- and nanoplastic induced cellular toxicity in mammals: a review. Science of The Total Environment 755:142518

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142518
[124]

Liu S, Li H, Wang J, Wu B, Guo X. 2022. Polystyrene microplastics aggravate inflammatory damage in mice with intestinal immune imbalance. Science of The Total Environment 833:155198

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155198
[125]

Tan H, Yue T, Xu Y, Zhao J, Xing B. 2020. Microplastics reduce lipid digestion in simulated human gastrointestinal system. Environmental Science & Technology 54:12285−12294

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02608
[126]

Prüst M, Meijer J, Westerink RHS. 2020. The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 17:24

doi: 10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y
[127]

Baltas H, Sirin M, Gökbayrak E, Ozcelik AE. 2020. A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. Chemosphere 241:125015

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125015
[128]

DesMarias TL, Costa M. 2019. Mechanisms of chromium-induced toxicity. Current Opinion in Toxicology 14:1−7

doi: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.05.003
[129]

Cozma P, Roșca M, Minuț M, Gavrilescu M. 2025. Phytoremediation: a sustainable and promising bio-based approach to heavy metal pollution management. Science of The Total Environment 1001:180458

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180458
[130]

Su J, Gao B, Zhang X, Zhang W, An X, et al. 2026. Microplastics in heavy metal-contaminated soils: amplification of phytoremediation and suppression of CH4 and N2O emissions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 14:121131

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2026.121131
[131]

Li XH, Wang XD, Song H, Chen S. 2025. Endophyte synergistic phytoremediation is a sustainable solution for the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Journal of Environmental Management 396:128126

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128126
[132]

Shaji A, Kamalesh R, Saravanan A, Yaashikaa PR, Vickram AS. 2025. A comprehensive review on bioremediation and biomonitoring of microplastics: circular bioeconomy and future perspective. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 30:101479

doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2025.101479
[133]

Yang T, Chang B, Fan S, Zhou Y, Zhong X, et al. 2026. Mechanistic insights into heavy metal adsorption and co-transport by UV-aged microplastics: a combined experimental and DFT study. Chemical Engineering Journal 527:171838

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.171838
[134]

Yuan F, Yan D, Song S, Zhang J, Yang Y, et al. 2025. Removal of heavy metals from water by adsorption on metal organic frameworks: research progress and mechanistic analysis in the last decade. Chemical Engineering Journal 506:160063

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.160063