[1]

Bordbar S, Anwar F, Saari N. 2011. High-value components and bioactives from sea cucumbers for functional foods − a review. Marine Drugs 9:1761−1805

doi: 10.3390/md9101761
[2]

Guo Z, Peng Z, Zhang Y, Meng X, Wu D, et al. 2024. Effects of dietary fermented attachments of suspension cage as a replacement for sea mud on growth and intestinal health of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture Reports 38:102313

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102313
[3]

Joffre OM, Klerkx L, Khoa TND. 2018. Aquaculture innovation system analysis of transition to sustainable intensification in shrimp farming. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38:34

doi: 10.1007/s13593-018-0511-9
[4]

Stone DAJ, Bansemer MS, Salini MJ. 2022. Dietary lipid and protein levels influence the growth and feed utilisation of large yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) at summer water temperatures. Aquaculture 560:738567

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738567
[5]

Zhang Z, Chi Y, Du Y, Li F, Ma N, et al. 2025. Effects of kelp phlorotannins on the growth, immunity, intestinal health and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture Reports 40:102614

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102614
[6]

Lupatsch I, Kissil GW, Sklan D. 2003. Comparison of energy and protein efficiency among three fish species gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus): energy expenditure for protein and lipid deposition. Aquaculture 225:175−189

doi: 10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00288-6
[7]

Nazeer S, Nguyen K, Tabbara M, Tilton S, Davis DA. 2023. Evaluation of growth, nutrient digestibility, and hematological parameters of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed diets containing different levels of high protein distiller's dried grain with yeast in it as replacement for corn protein concentrate. Aquaculture 572:739526

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739526
[8]

Shi C, Dong S, Wang F, Gao Q, Tian X. 2015. Effects of the sizes of mud or sand particles in feed on growth and energy budgets of young sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Aquaculture 440:6−11

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.028
[9]

Gong K, Wang BJ, Liu M, Jiang KY, Sun ZJ, et al. 2012. A preliminary study on the estimation of dietary sea mud in sea cucumber (apostichopus japonicus). Feed industry 33:38−41 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-991X.2012.10.012
[10]

Cai ZN, Qian XQ, Xie SQ. 2020. Optimal dietary protein concentrations for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) of different sizes (10–500 g). Aquaculture International 28:831−840

doi: 10.1007/s10499-019-00498-9
[11]

Chojnacka K, Mikula K, Izydorczyk G, Skrzypczak D, Witek-Krowiak A, et al. 2021. Innovative high digestibility protein feed materials reducing environmental impact through improved nitrogen-use efficiency in sustainable agriculture. Journal of Environmental Management 291:112693

doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112693
[12]

Zhu B, Zhong L, Shao C, Xu W, Xiang S, et al. 2024. Effects of dietary lipid and protein levels on metamorphosis, growth, metabolism and gut microbiota of tadpole (Lithobates catesbeianus). Aquaculture 587:740900

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.740900
[13]

Cui X, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Chen H, et al. 2022. Research progress of the gut microbiome in hybrid fish. Microorganisms 10:891

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10050891
[14]

Xie C, Teng J, Wang X, Xu B, Niu Y, et al. 2022. Multi-omics analysis reveals gut microbiota-induced intramuscular fat deposition via regulating expression of lipogenesis-associated genes. Animal Nutrition 9:84−99

doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.010
[15]

Cheng Y, Li X, Wang L, Lu K, Song K, et al. 2021. Effects of dietary arginine levels on growth, immune function of physical barriers and serum parameters of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) reared at different water temperatures. Aquaculture 541:736812

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736812
[16]

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1997. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg, Maryland: AOAC International
[17]

Xia B, Wang J, Gao QF, Sun Y, Zhang L, et al. 2015. The nutritional contributions of dietary protein sources to tissue growth and metabolism of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (selenka): evidence from nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Aquaculture 435:237−244

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.042
[18]

Song C, Zhou Y, Du L, Dong R, Li X, et al. 2025. Evaluating nutrient transformation and fate in the recirculating aquaculture system of Apostichopus japonicus and its environmental impact from a diet perspective. Journal of Water Process Engineering 72:107552

doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107552
[19]

Ding K, Zhang L, Huo D, Guo X, Liu X, et al. 2021. Metabolomic analysis of coelomic fluids reveals the physiological mechanisms underlying evisceration behavior in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 543:736960

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736960
[20]

Navarro PG, García-Sanz S, Barrio JM, Tuya F. 2013. Feeding and movement patterns of the sea cucumber Holothuria sanctori. Marine Biology 160:2957−2966

doi: 10.1007/s00227-013-2286-5
[21]

Li JX, Xiao JX, Zhao XY, Quan ST, Chen YX, et al. 2025. Study on resource utilization of marine shellfish cage attachments − taking the feed of Apostichopus japonicus as an example. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 56:393−401 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.11693/hyhz20241100248
[22]

Fan H, Shao Y, Wang X, Chen K, Zhu S, et al. 2025. Effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on the growth, immune responses and resistance of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus against Vibrio splendidus infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 167:110894

doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110894
[23]

Seo JY, Lee SM. 2011. Optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture Nutrition 17:e56−e61

doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00728.x
[24]

Bao P, Li X, Xu Y. 2018. An evaluation on the ratio of plant to animal protein in the diet of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus): growth, nutrient digestibility and nonspecific immunity. Journal of Ocean University of China 17:1479−1486

doi: 10.1007/s11802-018-3725-1
[25]

Bai Y, Zhang L, Xia S, Liu S, Ru X, et al. 2016. Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth, energy budget, and physiological and immunological performance of green, white and purple color morphs of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 450:375−382

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.08.021
[26]

Liu Y, Dong S, Tian X, Wang F, Gao Q. 2009. Effects of dietary sea mud and yellow soil on growth and energy budget of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (selenka). Aquaculture 286(3−4):266−270

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.029
[27]

Mohanta KN, Mohanty SN, Jena JK, Sahu NP. 2008. Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 14:143−152

doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00514.x
[28]

Yuan X, Yang H, Zhou Y, Mao Y, Zhang T, et al. 2006. The influence of diets containing dried bivalve feces and/or powdered algae on growth and energy distribution in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (selenka) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Aquaculture 256:457−467

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.029
[29]

Xia S, Yang H, Li Y, Liu S, Zhou Y, et al. 2012. Effects of different seaweed diets on growth, digestibility, and ammonia-nitrogen production of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus ( selenka ). Aquaculture 338−341:304−308

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.010
[30]

Xue YL, Gao F, Xu Q, Huang RJ, Wang AM, et al. 2019. Study on feeding selection of environmental sediments and digestive function adaptive function adaptability of Holothuria atra. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 50:1070−1079 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.11693/HYHZ20190200033
[31]

Pei H, Wang L, Xia X, Dong C, Tan B, et al. 2024. Sulfamethoxazole stress endangers the gut health of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and affects host metabolism. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 273:116099

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116099
[32]

Messina M, Bulfon C, Beraldo P, Tibaldi E, Cardinaletti G. 2019. Intestinal morpho-physiology and innate immune status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in response to diets including a blend of two marine microalgae, Tisochrysis lutea and Tetraselmis suecica. Aquaculture 500:660−669

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.054
[33]

Guo P, Wang J, Li B, Wang M, Sun Y, et al. 2023. Effects of dietary stachyose on growth, digestive physiology and glycometabolism of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Journal of Fisheries of China 47:129603 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.11964/jfc.20210712960
[34]

Feng QM, Zhang LB, Ru XS, Ding K, Zhang SY, et al. 2021. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), a potential food source for Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 530:735863

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735863
[35]

Xia SD. 2012. Researches on feeding behavior and dietary protein requirement of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). DhD. Thesis. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
[36]

Zhang W, Li C, Guo M. 2021. Use of ecofriendly alternatives for the control of bacterial infection in aquaculture of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture 545:737185

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737185
[37]

Song X, Feng Z, Zhao L, Zhu W. 2021. Fishmeal and scallop mantle subjected to enzymolysis by papain as a substitute for fishmeal could modulate the growth, antioxidant activity and non‐specific immune responses in juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Aquaculture Nutritrion 27(5):1650−1658

doi: 10.1111/anu.13304
[38]

Ivanov P, Manucharova N, Nikolaeva S, Safonov A, Krupskaya V, et al. 2020. Glucose-stimulation of natural microbial activity changes composition, structure and engineering properties of sandy and loamy soils. Engineering Geology 265:105381

doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105381
[39]

Li X, Wang Y, Jiang X, Li H, Liu T, et al. 2022. Utilization of different seaweeds (Sargassum polycystum, Sargassum thunbergii, Sargassum horneri, Enteromorpha prolifera, Macrocystis pyrifera, and the residue of M. pyrifera) in the diets of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (selenka, 1867). Algal Research 61:102591

doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102591
[40]

Tian Y, Zhao K, Li X, Cao L, Han L, et al. 2025. Dietary ferrous sulfate enhances resistance to Vibrio splendidus − induced skin ulceration in Apostichopus japonicus via immune and antioxidant modulation. Pathogens 14:952

doi: 10.3390/pathogens14090952
[41]

Sun H, Peng H, Hong X, Chen F, Zheng W, et al. 2025. Lvvibriocin-GK effectively reduced skin ulcer syndrome of Apostichopus japonicus by eliminating surface bacteria, modulating gut microbiota, and enhancing host immune responses. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 165:110494

doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2025.110494
[42]

Song C, Dong R, Zhou Y, Li X, Dong D, et al. 2024. Uncovering the impact of sea mud-containing diet on fecal fragmentation and its potential environmental risks in recirculating aquaculture system of Apostichopus japonicus. Journal of Water Process Engineering 58:104734

doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104734
[43]

Huang X, Xie R, Zou A, Zhang S, Xu X, et al. 2024. Effects of polypeptidin feeding on growth and intestinal flora of Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture Reports 38:102284

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102284
[44]

Perry WB, Lindsay E, Payne CJ, Brodie C, Kazlauskaite R. 2020. The role of the gut microbiome in sustainable teleost aquaculture. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287:20200184

doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0184
[45]

Wang J, Wang Y, Li B, Rong X, Liao M, et al. 2025. Enteritisin Apostichopus japonicus in cage culture areas in the Fujian dongwuyang bay: pathogenic characteristics and bacterial community structure. Progress in Fishery Sciences 46:201−216 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20240414001
[46]

Liu C, Chen X, Hu M, Waiho K, Xiao Y, et al. 2025. Energy reserves and gut microbiota of marine mussels under combined exposure to pathogens and predation risk. Aquaculture 595:741483

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741483
[47]

Qiu H, Zhu Y, Wang H, Tao C, Ran Z, et al. 2025. Effects of Lysinibacillus sphaericus HY3 on the gut microbiota, metabolism and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture Reports 42:102815

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102815
[48]

Deng Y, Li CJ, Zhang J, Liu WH, Yu LY, et al. 2024. Extensive genomic study characterizing three Paracoccaceae populations and revealing Pseudogemmobacter lacusdianii sp. nov. and Paracoccus broussonetiae sp. nov. Microbiology Spectrum 12:e01088−e01024

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01088-24
[49]

Orellana LH, Ben Francis T, Ferraro M, Hehemann JH, Fuchs BM, et al. 2022. Verrucomicrobiota are specialist consumers of sulfated methyl pentoses during diatom blooms. The ISME Journal 16:630−641

doi: 10.1038/s41396-021-01105-7
[50]

Cámara-Ruiz M, Cerezo IM, Guardiola FA, García-Beltrán JM, Balebona MC, et al. 2021. Alteration of the immune response and the microbiota of the skin during a natural infection by Vibrio harveyi in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Microorganisms 9:964

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050964
[51]

Machado e Silva DA, Louvado A, Ozorio ROA, Cavalheri T, Cleary DFR, et al. 2026. Humic substances and Eisenia bicyclis bioactive extract modulate water, biofilter, and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) skin mucus bacterial communities. Aquaculture 612:743123

doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.743123
[52]

Davidovich N, Fiocchi E, Basso A, Budai J, Montesi F, et al. 2022. An outbreak of crayfish rickettsiosis caused by Coxiella cheraxi in redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) imported to Israel from Australia. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 69:204−212

doi: 10.1111/tbed.14375
[53]

Chen Y, Cui S, Wu L, Han Y, Zhao X, et al. 2024. Dietary silicate minerals relieving cadmium or lead poisoning in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Marine Environmental Research 202:106795

doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106795