[1]

Xue J, Wang Q, Zhang M. 2022. A review of non-point source water pollution modeling for the urban–rural transitional areas of China: research status and prospect. Science of The Total Environment 826:154146

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154146
[2]

Li L, Liang T, Zhao M, Lv Y, Song Z, et al. 2022. A review on mycelial pellets as biological carriers: wastewater treatment and recovery for resource and energy. Bioresource Technology 355:127200

doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127200
[3]

Ma D, Yi H, Lai C, Liu X, Huo X, et al. 2021. Critical review of advanced oxidation processes in organic wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 275:130104

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130104
[4]

Babu Ponnusami A, Sinha S, Ashokan H, Paul MV, Hariharan SP, et al. 2023. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) combined biological process for wastewater treatment: a review on advancements, feasibility and practicability of combined techniques. Environmental Research 237:116944

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116944
[5]

Li L, Liu S, Ke X, Dong Z, Huang L. 2025. Anammox in treatment of coal chemical wastewater: a review. Journal of Mining Science and Technology 10(2):351−362

doi: 10.19606/j.cnki.jmst.2025024
[6]

Luo J, Gao Y, Song T, Chen Y. 2021. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by biochar and biochar-based materials for degrading refractory organics in water: a review. Water Science and Technology 83(10):2327−2344

doi: 10.2166/wst.2021.147
[7]

Li L, Han J, Huang L, Liu L, Qiu S, et al. 2024. Activation of PMS by MIL-53(Fe)@AC composites contributes to tetracycline degradation: properties and mechanisms. Surfaces and Interfaces 51:104521

doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104521
[8]

Ye Q, Wu J, Wu P, Rehman S, Ahmed Z, et al. 2021. Enhancing peroxymonosulfate activation by Co-Fe layered double hydroxide catalysts via compositing with biochar. Chemical Engineering Journal 417:129111

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129111
[9]

Wang J, Wang S. 2018. Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Chemical Engineering Journal 334:1502−1517

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.059
[10]

Ghanbari F, Moradi M. 2017. Application of peroxymonosulfate and its activation methods for degradation of environmental organic pollutants: review. Chemical Engineering Journal 310:41−62

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.064
[11]

Peng H, Ren Y, Hou H, Wang B, Di Z. 2026. Release characteristics of heavy metals during co-combustion of coal gangue and coal slime in oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 46:325−334

doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2026.0056
[12]

Li J, Wang J. 2019. Comprehensive utilization and environmental risks of coal gangue: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production 239:117946

doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117946
[13]

Liu R, Wang S. 2026. Research progress on the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization 46(2):591−605

doi: 10.1080/19392699.2025.2467736
[14]

Li L, Chai W, Kang J, Liu J, Xing J, et al. 2025. Utilization of graphite tailings and coal gangue in the preparation of foamed ceramics. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 22(3):e15012

doi: 10.1111/ijac.15012
[15]

Li L, Yan P, Huang L, Zhan Z, Zhang J, et al. 2026. Preparation and application of ceramic membranes incorporating graphite tailings for oil wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal 527:171733

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.171733
[16]

Lan H. 2025. Current status, challenges, and strategies of coal gangue utilization in the context of green transition. Journal of Green Mine 3(4):76−85

doi: 10.26940/j.cnki.10-1912/TD.2527
[17]

Li L, Xu H, Zhang Q, Zhan Z, Liang X, et al. 2024. Estimation methods of wetland carbon sink and factors influencing wetland carbon cycle: a review. Carbon Research 3(1):50

doi: 10.1007/s44246-024-00135-y
[18]

Zhang P, Zhang H, Liu Z, Du C. 2023. Natural coal gangue activated persulfate for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation: mechanisms, theoretical calculations, and comparative study. Journal of Molecular Structure 1291:136097

doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136097
[19]

Zhang C, Zhou M, Du H, Li D, Lv D, et al. 2025. Influence of microbial agents-loaded biochar on bacterial community assembly and heavy metals morphology in sewage sludge compost: insights from community stability and complexity. Bioresource technology 419:132070

doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132070
[20]

Wang Z, Chen S, Yang L, Wang Q, Hou N, et al. 2025. Remediation strategies of biochar and microbial inoculum for PAHs-contaminated soil: quorum sensing-mediated PAHs degradation and element cycling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 490:137854

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137854
[21]

Gao L, Liu Y, Xu K, Bai L, Guo N, et al. 2024. A short review of the sustainable utilization of coal gangue in environmental applications. RSC Advances 14(53):39285−39296

doi: 10.1039/d4ra06071g
[22]

Guo Y, Li X, Li Q, Hu Z. 2024. Environmental impact assessment of acidic coal gangue leaching solution on groundwater: a coal gangue pile in Shanxi, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 46(4):120

doi: 10.1007/s10653-024-01861-3
[23]

Zhang Y, Ling TC. 2020. Reactivity activation of waste coal gangue and its impact on the properties of cement-based materials – a review. Construction and Building Materials 234:117424

doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117424
[24]

Kang C, Yang S, Qiao J, Zhao Y, Dong S, et al. 2024. Extraction of valuable critical metals from coal gangue by roasting activation-sulfuric acid leaching. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization 44(11):1810−1827

doi: 10.1080/19392699.2023.2301311
[25]

Li X, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu F, et al. 2021. Mechanism and characterization of polydopamine modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforcement of natural rubber latex composites. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 631:127721

doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127721
[26]

Karunadasa KSP, Wijekoon ASK, Manoratne CH. 2024. TiO2-kaolinite composite photocatalyst for industrial organic waste decontamination. Next Materials 3:100065

doi: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2023.100065
[27]

Jiang X, Lu WX, Zhao HQ, Yang QC, Yang ZP. 2014. Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy-metal pollution around coal gangue dump. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14(6):1599−1610

doi: 10.5194/nhess-14-1599-2014
[28]

Wang X, Zhou C, Liu G, Dong Z. 2013. Transfer of metals from soil to crops in an area near a coal gangue pile in the Guqiao Coal Mine, China. Analytical Letters 46(12):1962−1977

doi: 10.1080/00032719.2013.777923
[29]

Song S, Peng R, Wang Y, Cheng X, Niu R, et al. 2023. Spatial distribution characteristics and risk assessment of soil heavy metal pollution around typical coal gangue hill located in Fengfeng Mining area. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 45(10):7215−7236

doi: 10.1007/s10653-023-01530-x
[30]

Shang Y, Sang N. 2022. Pollution characteristics and phytotoxicity of heavy metals in the soil around coal gangue accumulation area. Environmental Science 43:3773−3780

doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202106016
[31]

Ouyang S, Huang Y, Gao H, Guo Y, Wu L, et al. 2022. Study on the distribution characteristics and ecological risk of heavy metal elements in coal gangue taken from 25 mining areas of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(32):48285−48300

doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19238-3
[32]

Cobb GP, Sands K, Waters M, Wixson BG, Dorward-King E. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals by vegetables grown in mine wastes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(3):600−607

doi: 10.1002/etc.5620190311
[33]

Fang T, Liu G, Zhou C, Lu L. 2015. Lead in soil and agricultural products in the Huainan Coal Mining Area, Anhui, China: levels, distribution, and health implications. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187(3):152

doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4368-y
[34]

Agboola O, Babatunde DE, Isaac Fayomi OS, Sadiku ER, Popoola P, et al. 2020. A review on the impact of mining operation: monitoring, assessment and management. Results in Engineering 8:100181

doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100181
[35]

Vinayagam S, Sathishkumar K, Ayyamperumal R, Natarajan PM, Ahmad I, et al. 2024. Distribution and transport of contaminants in soil through mining processes and its environmental impact and health hazard assessment: a review of the prospective solutions. Environmental Research 240:117473

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117473
[36]

Querol X, Zhuang X, Font O, Izquierdo M, Alastuey A, et al. 2011. Influence of soil cover on reducing the environmental impact of spontaneous coal combustion in coal waste gobs: a review and new experimental data. International Journal of Coal Geology 85(1):2−22

doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2010.09.002
[37]

Shao Z, Yang T, Deng R, Shao H. 2024. Monitoring burning coal gangue dump based on the 3-D thermal infrared model. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 17:8979−8995

doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2024.3391009
[38]

Yun Y, Gao R, Yue H, Liu X, Li G, et al. 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-containing soils from coal gangue stacking areas contribute to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) modulation on cancer cell metastasis. Science of The Total Environment 580:632−640

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.010
[39]

Bao Y, Han X, Chen J, Zhang W, Zhan J, et al. 2019. Numerical assessment of failure potential of a large mine waste dump in Panzhihua City, China. Engineering Geology 253:171−183

doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.03.002
[40]

Chang M, Liu Y, Zhou C, Chen H. 2020. Hazard assessment of a catastrophic mine waste debris flow of Hou Gully, Shimian, China. Engineering Geology 275:105733

doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105733
[41]

González-Valoys AC, Esbrí JM, Campos JA, Arrocha J, García-Noguero EM, et al. 2021. Ecological and health risk assessments of an abandoned gold mine (Remance, Panama): complex scenarios need a combination of indices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(17):9369

doi: 10.3390/ijerph18179369
[42]

Yang F, Yun Y, Li G, Sang N. 2021. Heavy metals in soil from gangue stacking areas increases children health risk and causes developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Science of The Total Environment 794:148629

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148629
[43]

Sun Y, Bai B, Yang X, Zhu S, Tian J, et al. 2025. Coal gangue utilization: applications, challenges, and sustainable development strategies. Energies 18(2):444

doi: 10.3390/en18020444
[44]

Zheng Y, Zhou J, Ma Z, Weng X, Cheng L, et al. 2023. Preparation of a high-silicon ZSM-5 molecular sieve using only coal gangue as the silicon and aluminum sources. Materials 16(12):4338

doi: 10.3390/ma16124338
[45]

Gao J, Lin Q, Yang T, Bao YC, Liu J. 2023. Preparation and characterization of ZSM-5 molecular sieve using coal gangue as a raw material via solvent-free method: adsorption performance tests for heavy metal ions and methylene blue. Chemosphere 341:139741

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139741
[46]

Du H, Ma L, Liu X, Zhang F, Yang X, et al. 2018. A novel mesoporous SiO2 material with MCM-41 structure from coal gangue: preparation, ethylenediamine modification, and adsorption properties for CO2 capture. Energy & Fuels 32(4):5374−5385

doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00318
[47]

Wang R, Song Y, Yang X, Zhou J, Jiang Q, et al. 2022. Self-Combustion–depolymerization approach to activate solid-waste coal gangue minerals for fluid catalytic cracking catalyst synthesis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 10(34):11376−11386

doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03449
[48]

Lu M, Xiong Z, Fang K, Li J, Li X, et al. 2020. Effect of promoters on steam reforming of toluene over a Ni-based catalyst supported on coal gangue ash. ACS Omega 5(41):26335−26346

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01197
[49]

Tuya N, Qi L, Dong C, Lan S, Zhang S, et al. 2025. Preparation of Cu/Fe-NaA zeolite catalysts from coal gangue for high-efficient Fenton-like catalytic degradation of basic magenta. ACS Omega 10(6):5528−5536

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c07931
[50]

Li JJ, Hitch M. 2015. Ultra-fine grinding and mechanical activation of mine waste rock using a high-speed stirred mill for mineral carbonation. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 22(10):1005−1016

doi: 10.1007/s12613-015-1162-3
[51]

Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Sun J, Hao Z. 2016. The thermal activation process of coal gangue selected from Zhungeer in China. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 126(3):1559−1566

doi: 10.1007/s10973-016-5711-4
[52]

Cao Z, Cao Y, Dong H, Zhang J, Sun C. 2016. Effect of calcination condition on the microstructure and pozzolanic activity of calcined coal gangue. International Journal of Mineral Processing 146:23−28

doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2015.11.008
[53]

Hu Y, Han X, Sun Z, Jin P, Li K, et al. 2023. Study on the reactivity activation of coal gangue for efficient utilization. Materials 16(18):6321

doi: 10.3390/ma16186321
[54]

E F, Zhang X, Su L, Liu B, Li B, et al. 2024. Analysis of calcination activation modified coal gangue and its acid activation mechanism. Journal of Building Engineering 95:109916

doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109916
[55]

Snehasree N, Nuruddin M, Moghal AAB. 2025. Critical appraisal of coal gangue and activated coal gangue for sustainable engineering applications. Applied Sciences 15(17):9649

doi: 10.3390/app15179649
[56]

Han R, Guo X, Guan J, Yao X, Hao Y. 2022. Activation mechanism of coal gangue and its impact on the properties of geopolymers: a review. Polymers 14(18):3861

doi: 10.3390/polym14183861
[57]

Rudnik E. 2024. Review on gallium in coal and coal waste materials: exploring strategies for hydrometallurgical metal recovery. Molecules 29(24):5919

doi: 10.3390/molecules29245919
[58]

Sun Z, Wang X, Jia S, Liang J, Ning X, et al. 2024. Fabrication of pollution-free coal gangue-based catalytic material utilizing ferrous chloride as activator for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 11(1):5

doi: 10.1007/s40789-023-00659-5
[59]

Yuan X, Wu H, Wang P, Xu F, Ding S. 2022. Thermal activation of coal gangue with low Al/Si ratio as supplementary cementitious materials. Molecules 27(21):7268

doi: 10.3390/molecules27217268
[60]

Zhang D, Zhu L, Ma T, Liang X, Sun N, et al. 2025. Process optimization and performance characterization of preparing 4A molecular sieves from coal gangue. Symmetry 17(4):603

doi: 10.3390/sym17040603
[61]

Jiu S, Wang M, Chen Y, Chen J, Gao Q. 2022. Synthesis and characterization of low-carbon cementitious materials from suspended calcined coal gangue. Frontiers in Materials 9:982861

doi: 10.3389/fmats.2022.982861
[62]

Liu L, Liu Q, Zhang K, Zhang S, Li K, et al. 2023. Thermal decomposition and oxidation of pyrite with different morphologies in the coal gangue of North China. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 148(5):2023−2038

doi: 10.1007/s10973-022-11686-w
[63]

Zhu L, Liu C, Duan G, Liu Z, Jin L, et al. 2025. Research on the mechanical activation mechanism of coal gangue and its CO2 mineralization effect. Sustainability 17(6):2364

doi: 10.3390/su17062364
[64]

Bakil SNA, Tóth M, Ibrahim JEFM, Mucsi G. 2025. Influence of mechanical activation of coal gangue on the strength and microstructure of geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials 486:141977

doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141977
[65]

Chen J, Guan X, Zhu M, Gao J. 2021. Mechanism on activation of coal gangue admixture. Advances in Civil Engineering 2021(1):5436482

doi: 10.1155/2021/5436482
[66]

Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zhang C, Chen J, et al. 2021. Effect of particle size and thermal activation on the coal gangue based geopolymer. Materials Chemistry and Physics 267:124657

doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124657
[67]

Zhang H, Zhao M, Jiang X, Tian S, Teng Z, et al. 2024. Research progress of coal gangue modification method and its resource and environment utilisation. Acta Chimica Sinica 82(5):527−540

doi: 10.6023/a24010038
[68]

Zhang L, Zhu D, Marani A, Nehdi ML, Wang L, et al. 2025. Toward sustainable construction: comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in building materials. Case Studies in Construction Materials 23:e04930

doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04930
[69]

Gao Y, Huang J, Li M, Dai Z, Jiang R, et al. 2021. Chemical modification of combusted coal gangue for U(VI) adsorption: towards a waste control by waste strategy. Sustainability 13(15):8421

doi: 10.3390/su13158421
[70]

Zhao Y, Yang C, Li K, Qu F, Yan C, et al. 2022. Toward understanding the activation and hydration mechanisms of composite activated coal gangue geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials 318:125999

doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125999
[71]

Sun Y, Yan Y, Zheng X, Han J, Wang B, et al. 2024. Fabrication of dual-activated coal gangue-loaded nickel-based catalyst for dioctyl phthalate hydrogenation. Molecular Catalysis 553:113732

doi: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113732
[72]

Zhang X, Guo Y, Shi S, Liu E, Li T, et al. 2021. Efficient and stable iron-copper montmorillonite heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for removing Rhodamine B. Chemical Physics Letters 776:138673

doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138673
[73]

Zhou F, Pan N, Chen H, Xu X, Wang C, et al. 2019. Hydrogen production through steam reforming of toluene over Ce, Zr or Fe promoted Ni-Mg-Al hydrotalcite-derived catalysts at low temperature. Energy Conversion and Management 196:677−687

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.06.047
[74]

Wang L, Liu X, Zhang R, Wang X, Zhang M. 2024. Synthesis of zeolite-based Cu/Fe–X from coal gangue for Fenton-like catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 34:722−734

doi: 10.1007/s10904-023-02853-z
[75]

Zhou S, Xu R, He J, Huang Y, Cai Z, et al. 2018. Preparation of Fe-Cu-kaolinite for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of 4-chlorophenol. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25:4924−4933

doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0859-4
[76]

Liang C, Wang J, Li C, Han W, Niu Y, et al. 2024. Chemical inertness conversion of carbon fraction in coal gangue via N-doping for efficient benzo(a)pyrene degradation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 666:547−559

doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.062
[77]

Peng Y, Tang H, Yao B, Gao X, Yang X, et al. 2021. Activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by spinel ferrite and their composites in degradation of organic pollutants: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal 414:128800

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128800
[78]

Zhen G, Lu X, Kato H, Zhao Y, Li YY. 2017. Overview of pretreatment strategies for enhancing sewage sludge disintegration and subsequent anaerobic digestion: current advances, full-scale application and future perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69:559−577

doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.187
[79]

Qi C, Liu X, Ma J, Lin C, Li X, et al. 2016. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by base: implications for the degradation of organic pollutants. Chemosphere 151:280−288

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.089
[80]

Zou J, Ma J, Chen L, Li X, Guan Y, et al. 2013. Rapid acceleration of ferrous iron/peroxymonosulfate oxidation of organic pollutants by promoting Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle with hydroxylamine. Environmental Science & Technology 47:11685−11691

doi: 10.1021/es4019145
[81]

Duan P, Liu X, Liu B, Akram M, Li Y, et al. 2021. Effect of phosphate on peroxymonosulfate activation: accelerating generation of sulfate radical and underlying mechanism. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 298:120532

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120532
[82]

Zhang X, Niu Y, Li Y, Hou X, Wang Y, et al. 2013. Synthesis, optical and magnetic properties of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with various shapes. Materials Letters 99:111−114

doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.02.070
[83]

Sun C, Li W, Chen Z, Qin W, Wen X. 2019. Responses of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, and mobile genetic elements in sewage sludge to thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment and various anaerobic digestion conditions. Environment International 133:105156

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105156
[84]

Zhang Q, Yu M, Liu H, Tang J, Yu X, et al. 2024. Efficient degradation of tetracycline by peroxymonosulfate activated with Ni-Co bimetallic oxide derived from bimetallic oxalate. Toxics 12(11):816

doi: 10.3390/toxics12110816
[85]

Zhang P, Zhao R, Liu Z, Su Y, Du C. 2023. Natural coal gangue as a stable catalyst to activate persulfate: tetracycline hydrochloride degradation and its explored mechanism. New Journal of Chemistry 47(14):6685−6693

doi: 10.1039/D2NJ04738A
[86]

An K, Yang W, Wang W. 2025. Singlet oxygen-dominated peroxymonosulfate activation by coal gangue-supported Co3O4 for alkaline wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13(6):119634

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.119634
[87]

Chen Y, Zhu K, Qin W, Jiang Z, Hu Z, et al. 2024. Enhanced electron transfer using NiCo2O4@C hollow nanocages with an electron-shuttle effect for efficient tetracycline degradation. Chemical Engineering Journal 488:150786

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.150786
[88]

Wang X, Qin Y, Zhu L, Tang H. 2015. Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide as a bifunctional material for removing bisphenols: synergistic effect between adsorption and catalysis. Environmental Science & Technology 49(11):6855−6864

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01059
[89]

Sagir D, Ozen I, Cene GA, Guvenc SY, Can-Güven E, et al. 2025. Investigation of different activation methods in peroxymonosulfate oxidation for the treatment of chemical industry wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13(6):119861

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.119861
[90]

Deng H, Jin Y, Yan B, Jiang Y, Yang S, et al. 2024. Degradation of tetracycline by heat/peroxymonosulfate and ultrasound/peroxymonosulfate systems: performance and kinetics. Water Science & Technology 89(2):421−433

doi: 10.2166/wst.2024.004
[91]

Huang X, Sun W, Bai R, He Y, Li J, et al. 2025. Efficient degradation of tetracycline via cobalt phosphonate-activated peroxymonosulfate: mechanistic insights and catalytic optimization. Catalysts 15(6):580

doi: 10.3390/catal15060580
[92]

Li G, Wu G, Sun W, Bian S, Pan Y, et al. 2025. Boosting peroxymonosulfate activation over cyanuric acid-modified Co3O4@Fe2O3 for tetracycline degradation: insights into catalytic performance, degradation mechanism, and routes. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 8(4):328

doi: 10.1007/s42114-025-01381-3
[93]

Galeas S, Guerrero VH, Pontón PI, Goetz V. 2025. Visible light-driven phenol degradation via advanced oxidation processes with ferrous oxalate obtained from black sands: a kinetics study. Molecules 30(9):2059

doi: 10.3390/molecules30092059
[94]

Wu X, Chen J, Yang X, Zheng H, Ma Y, et al. 2025. Synergistic activation of peroxymonosulfate for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation with SrTiO3/Ti3C2Tx photocatalyst. Applied Surface Science 680:161317

doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161317
[95]

Chen L, Hu J, He Y, Wang J, Hong Y, et al. 2026. Efficient degradation of tetracycline by PMS activation using N, P-doped hollow carbon spheres with spatial confinement effect. Journal of Water Process Engineering 83:109585

doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109585
[96]

An K, Yang W, Zhang H. 2026. Synergistic activation of peroxymonosulfate by CoMnOx supported on coal gangue for alkaline wastewater treatment. Toxics 14(1):29

doi: 10.3390/toxics14010029
[97]

Li C, Wang S, Zhang X, Wu J, Zheng S, et al. 2022. In-situ preparation of coal gangue-based catalytic material for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation and phenol degradation. Journal of Cleaner Production 374:133926

doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133926
[98]

Chu J, Lai W, Tan M, Dong K, Wang H. 2025. Construction of Z-scheme InVO4/amorphous FeOOH/coal gangue catalyst for efficient treatment of mineral processing wastewater via photo-Fenton-like processes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13(4):117258

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.117258
[99]

Yan F, Wu L, Quan Y, You W, Li P, et al. 2025. Peroxymonosulfate activation for the efficient removal of organic pollutant by ZIF-67-derived low-crystalline CuCoOx with abundant oxygen vacancies. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 223:96−108

doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2025.09.045
[100]

Ren X, Tian M, Fu N, Chen H, Chen Z, et al. 2025. Mechanistic study on the enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by the bimetallic Mo/Co Co-doped g-C3N4 composite catalyst 8-CNMC for phenol degradation: applicable for neutral and alkaline condition. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13(5):118359

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.118359
[101]

Xing Y, Li C, Jiang X, Jin X, Peng Y, et al. 2025. Enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation by MnOOH/CoOOH composites for efficient phenol degradation: mechanistic insights and practical implications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1010:177678

doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177678
[102]

Wang J, Wang S. 2021. Effect of inorganic anions on the performance of advanced oxidation processes for degradation of organic contaminants. Chemical Engineering Journal 411:128392

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128392
[103]

Li N, Wang Y, Cheng X, Dai H, Yan B, et al. 2022. Influences and mechanisms of phosphate ions onto persulfate activation and organic degradation in water treatment: a review. Water Research 222:118896

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118896
[104]

Deng D, Chen R, Zhong Q, Xiong B, Deng J, et al. 2025. Bicarbonate ions enhanced surface Fe(II) regeneration and peroxymonosulfate activation on stainless-steel scrubber cathode for BPA degradation. Journal of Water Process Engineering 78:108739

doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108739
[105]

Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang N, Zhang J, Zhu L. 2023. Carbonate-induced enhancement of phenols degradation in CuS/peroxymonosulfate system: a clear correlation between this enhancement and electronic effects of phenols substituents. Journal of Environmental Sciences 129:139−151

doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.018
[106]

Li M, Zhang H, Liu Z, Su Y, Du C. 2022. Surface lattice oxygen mobility inspired peroxymonosulfate activation over Mn2O3 exposing different crystal faces toward bisphenol A degradation. Chemical Engineering Journal 450:138147

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.138147
[107]

Yang X, Yao X, Qiu Y. 2024. Introducing and boosting oxygen vacancies within CoMn2O4 by loading on planar clay minerals for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation. Molecules 29(16):3825

doi: 10.3390/molecules29163825
[108]

Xu Q, Chen C, Yan Y, Jiao Y, Wang J, et al. 2024. Interfacial charge transfer in coal gangue/NiO-x composites photocatalyst for efficient-degradation of ciprofloxacin. Materials Chemistry and Physics 319:129238

doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129238
[109]

Guan Y, Wang S, Gan F, Qin P, Shao Z. 2023. Recent advances of single-atom catalysts for peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes aimed at environmental remediation. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 41:100928

doi: 10.1016/j.coche.2023.100928
[110]

Yu Y, Wu M, Deng S, Zhou Y. 2025. Modified clay mineral-catalyzed sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation of aqueous organic contaminants: catalytic properties, mechanism, and prospects. Science of The Total Environment 997:180240

doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180240
[111]

Zuo Q, Liu T, Chen C, Ji Y, Gong X, et al. 2019. Ultrathin metal-organic framework nanosheets with ultrahigh loading of single Pt atoms for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58:10198−10203

doi: 10.1002/anie.201904058
[112]

Chen N, Fang G, Zhu C, Wu S, Liu G, et al. 2020. Surface-bound radical control rapid organic contaminant degradation through peroxymonosulfate activation by reduced Fe-bearing smectite clays. Journal of Hazardous Materials 389:121819

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121819
[113]

Zhang X, Gang DD, Lei X, Wang T, Lian Q, et al. 2022. Surface-bound hydroxyl radical-dominated degradation of sulfamethoxazole in the amorphous FeOOH/peroxymonosulfate system: the key role of amorphous structure enhancing electron transfer. Environmental Research 214:113964

doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113964
[114]

Zhang R, Yang Y, Huang CH, Li N, Liu H, et al. 2016. UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS treatment of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in synthetic human urine: transformation products and toxicity. Environmental Science & Technology 50:2573−2583

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05604
[115]

Liang C, Wang J, Li C, Han W, Song Y, et al. 2024. Magnetic coal gangue-based catalysts for peroxymonosulfate activation and benzo[a]pyrene degradation: the construction of Fe and N dual active sites. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 12(6):114613

doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114613
[116]

Ze R, Liu D, Liu X, Huang G, Wang R, et al. 2026. N-doped coal gangue as a superior peroxymonosulfate activator for rapid antibiotic degradation: mechanism and performance. Journal of Water Process Engineering 85:109801

doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2026.109801
[117]

Wang L, Xiao K, Zhao H. 2023. The debatable role of singlet oxygen in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes. Water Research 235:119925

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119925
[118]

Wu S, Zhao Y, Sun R, Sun Z, Yang C, et al. 2025. Chemistry, generation and regulation of reactive species in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes. Chemical Engineering Journal 515:163588

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.163588
[119]

Dong C, Yi Q, He J, Xing M, Zhang J. 2023. Evolution of singlet oxygen in peroxymonosulfate activation: a review. EES Catalysis 1(2):103−116

doi: 10.1039/d2ey00107a
[120]

Xiao G, Xu T, Faheem M, Xi Y, Zhou T, et al. 2021. Evolution of singlet oxygen by activating peroxydisulfate and peroxymonosulfate: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(7):3344

doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073344
[121]

Lu Z, Zhang P, Hu C, Li F. 2022. Insights into singlet oxygen generation and electron-transfer process induced by a single-atom Cu catalyst with saturated Cu-N4 sites. iScience 25(9):104930

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104930
[122]

Huang YX, Chen KY, Wang SX, Zhao SY, Yu LQ, et al. 2024. Synergizing electron transfer with singlet oxygen to expedite refractory contaminant mineralization in peroxymonosulfate based heterogeneous oxidation system. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 341:123324

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123324
[123]

Huang R, Gao P, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, et al. 2022. Insights into the pollutant electron property inducing the transformation of peroxymonosulfate activation mechanisms on manganese dioxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 317:121753

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121753
[124]

Li H, Zhang X, Yang S, Sun Y, Qian J. 2024. Discerning the relevance of singlet oxygen in pollutant degradation in peroxymonosulfate activation processes. Environmental Science & Technology 58(31):14005−14012

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02809
[125]

Shao P, Jing Y, Duan X, Lin H, Yang L, et al. 2021. Revisiting the graphitized nanodiamond-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate: singlet oxygenation versus electron transfer. Environmental Science & Technology 55(23):16078−16087

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02042
[126]

Luo M, Zhang H, Zhao J, Liu Y, Xiong Z, et al. 2024. Interfacial catalysis of peroxides for water decontamination: a critical review on fundamental origins and selective oxidation. Chemical Engineering Journal 488:151156

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.151156
[127]

Duan P, Pan J, Du W, Yue Q, Gao B, et al. 2021. Activation of peroxymonosulfate via mediated electron transfer mechanism on single-atom Fe catalyst for effective organic pollutants removal. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 299:120714

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120714
[128]

Liu S, Pan Q, Li J, Wang M, Zhang J, et al. 2022. Enhanced mediated electron transfer pathway of peroxymonosulfate activation dominated with graphitic-N for the efficient degradation of various organic contaminants in multiple solutions. ACS ES&T Water 2(5):817−829

doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00495
[129]

Duan P, Xu X, Guo K, Yue Q, Gao B. 2022. Peroxymonosulfate activation on a chainmail catalyst via an electron shuttle mechanism for efficient organic pollutant removal. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 316:121695

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121695
[130]

Pei W, Hao C, Zhou J, Li X, Lu Z, et al. 2025. Peroxymonosulfate activation via non-contact electron transfer process (NCETP) for efficient organic pollutant removal. Water Research 289(Pt A):124796

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124796
[131]

Yan H, Lai C, Liu S, Wang D, Zhou X, et al. 2023. Insight into the selective oxidation behavior of organic pollutants via Ni-N4-C mediated electron transfer pathway. Chemical Engineering Journal 473:145253

doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.145253
[132]

Yin K, Wu R, Shang Y, Chen D, Wu Z, et al. 2023. Microenvironment modulation of cobalt single-atom catalysts for boosting both radical oxidation and electron-transfer process in Fenton-like system. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 329:122558

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122558
[133]

Xu J, Yao Y, Zhu C, Lu L, Fang Q, et al. 2024. Unveiling enhanced electron-mediated peroxymonosulfate activation for degradation of emerging organic pollutants. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 341:123356

doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123356
[134]

Ren Y, Han S, Liu C, Feng Y, Li K, et al. 2019. One-step growth of well aligned K-doped ZnO nanotapers using a facile electrochemical route: photocatalyst application. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 14:6267−6275

doi: 10.20964/2019.07.56
[135]

Li K, Yang X, Zhao T, Liu J, Liu J, et al. 2019. Raney Ni as recyclable and selective catalyst for the reduction of α-pinene to cis-pinane with NaBH4 at room temperature. ChemistrySelect 4:10506−10509

doi: 10.1002/slct.201902769
[136]

Yang Y, Wang H, Qin W, Guo Y, Yao H, et al. 2020. MoS2/Au0/N-CNT derived from Au(III) extraction by polypyrrole/MoS4 as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 561:298−306

doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.102
[137]

Liu L, Han Z, Lv Y, Xin C, Zhou X, et al. 2022. MIL-100(Fe) supported Pt−Co nanoparticles as active and selective heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. ChemistryOpen 11:e202100288

doi: 10.1002/open.202100288