[1]

Keteku AK, Badii BK, Sowley ENK. 2020. Evaluation of Hyptis spicigera leaf extracts against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) in stored Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 19(5):353−357

doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2020.03.005
[2]

Sumani JBB, Aduko J, Mula S. 2025. Exploring farmers' ecological knowledge and agro-chemical practices for sustainable food security and health in Ghana: a narrative review. Discover Agriculture 3:130

doi: 10.1007/s44279-025-00314-4
[3]

Ngegba PM, Cui G, Khalid MZ, Zhong G. 2022. Use of botanical pesticides in agriculture as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Agriculture 12(5):600

doi: 10.3390/agriculture12050600
[4]

Devkota HP, Paudel KR, Khanal S, Baral A, Panth N, et al. 2022. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and food functional properties. Molecules 27(16):5219

doi: 10.3390/molecules27165219
[5]

Bhusal KK, Magar SK, Thapa R, Lamsal A, Bhandari S, et al. 2022. Nutritional and pharmacological importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): a review. Heliyon 8(6):e09717

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09717
[6]

Kregiel D, Pawlikowska E, Antolak H. 2018. Urtica spp.: ordinary plants with extraordinary properties. Molecules 23(7):1664

doi: 10.3390/molecules23071664
[7]

Guo C, Wang L, Chen N, Zhang M, Jia J, et al. 2024. Advances in research and utilization of botanical pesticides for agricultural pest management in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Herbal Medicines 16(2):248−262

doi: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.04.002
[8]

Keteku AK, Baafi E, Aidoo KAS, Frimpong-Anin K, Awarikabey EN, et al. 2026. Efficacy of Urtica spp. extract as botanical for sustainable management of soybean insect pests. African Crop Science Journal 34(1):105−118

doi: 10.4314/acsj.v34i1.8
[9]

Adjei-Gyapong T, Asiamah RD. 2000. The interim Ghana soil classification system and its relation with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Soil Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana. www.fao.org/4/y3948f/y3948f06.htm
[10]

Simperegui KBD, Kouame AKK, Kwesie B, Bindraban PS, Adzawla W, et al. 2025. Digital mapping of Ghana's soil properties and nutrients: performance of spline and weighted average approaches. Geoderma 459:117365

doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117365
[11]

Ministry of Food and Agriculture. 2021. Agriculture in Ghana: facts and figures 2020. Statistics, Research and Information Directorate, Accar, Ghana. https://mofa.gov.gh/site/publications/research-reports/441-agriculture-in-ghana-facts-and-figures-2020
[12]

Montgomery GA, Belitz MW, Guralnick RP, Tingley MW. 2021. Standards and best practices for monitoring and benchmarking insects. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8:579193

doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.579193
[13]

Soujanya PL, Sekhar JC, Yathish KR, Karjagi CG, Rao KS, et al. 2022. Leaf damage based phenotyping technique and its validation against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in maize. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:906207

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.906207
[14]

Aryal S, Poudel A, Chiluwal K, Bajracharya ASR. 2025. Toxic and repellent effect of Zanthoxylum armatum (Sapindales: Rutacae) essential oil to Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 24:36

doi: 10.1007/s44447-025-00046-3
[15]

Lengai GMW, Muthomi JW, Mbega ER. 2020. Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African 7:e00239

doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239
[16]

Đurović S, Kojić I, Radić D, Smyatskaya YA, Bazarnova JG, et al. 2024. Chemical constituents of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): a comprehensive review on phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and their bioactivity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(6):3430

doi: 10.3390/ijms25063430
[17]

Dakhli N, López-Jiménez A, Cárdenas C, Hraoui M, Dhaouafi J, et al. 2025. Urtica dioica aqueous leaf extract: chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of biological activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(3):1220

doi: 10.3390/ijms26031220
[18]

Xu F, He ZQ, Cheng MX, Li FF, Yu LL. 2026. Advances in understanding and controlling rice blast disease: mechanisms and management strategies. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 25:102630

doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102630
[19]

Nalley L, Tsiboe F, Durand-Morat A, Shew A, Thoma G. 2016. Economic and environmental impact of rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae) alleviation in the United States. PLoS One 11(12):e0167295

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167295
[20]

Younas MU, Wang G, Du H, Zhang Y, Ahmad I, et al. 2023. Approaches to reduce rice blast disease using knowledge from host resistance and pathogen pathogenicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(5):4985

doi: 10.3390/ijms24054985
[21]

Khadka RB, Manandhar HK, Shrestha S, Acharya B, Sharma P, et al. 2025. Defending rice crop from blast disease in the context of climate change for food security in Nepal. Frontiers in Plant Science 16:1511945

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1511945
[22]

Kim KH, Jung I. 2020. Development of a daily epidemiological model of rice blast tailored for seasonal disease early warning in South Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 36(5):406−417

doi: 10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2020.0135
[23]

Kim KH, Cho J, Lee YH, Lee WS. 2015. Predicting potential epidemics of rice leaf blast and sheath blight in South Korea under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios using a rice disease epidemiology model, EPIRICE. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 203:191−207

doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.01.011
[24]

Zhang M, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Zhang J. 2025. Activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and enhanced powdery mildew resistance in honeysuckle induced by inactivated Erysiphe lonicerae spores. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 138:102739

doi: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102739
[25]

Ninkuu V, Aluko OO, Yan J, Zeng H, Liu G, et al. 2025. Phenylpropanoids metabolism: recent insight into stress tolerance and plant development cues. Frontiers in Plant Science 16:1571825

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1571825
[26]

Lavania M, Chauhan PS, Chauhan SVS, Singh HB, Nautiyal CS. 2006. Induction of plant defense enzymes and phenolics by treatment with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens NBRI1213. Current Microbiology 52:363−368

doi: 10.1007/s00284-005-5578-2
[27]

Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). 2019. Agriculture in Ghana: facts and figures 2018. Statistics Research and Information Directorate, Accra, Ghana. Available at https://mofa.gov.gh/site/publications/research-reports/376-agriculture-in-ghana-factsfigures-2018