| [1] |
Kuang X, Liu J, Scanlon BR, Jiao JJ, Jasechko S, et al. 2024. The changing nature of groundwater in the global water cycle. |
| [2] |
Zhou Q, Zhang J, Zhang S, Chen Q, Fan H, et al. 2025. Groundwater quality evolution across China. |
| [3] |
Xie X, Shi J, Pi K, Deng Y, Yan B, et al. 2023. Groundwater quality and public health. |
| [4] |
Gleeson T, Endo T, Taniguchi M, Di Baldassarre G. 2026. Natural hazard susceptibilities and inequities reduced by short-term groundwater use. |
| [5] |
Wang Y, Li J, Ma T, Xie X, Deng Y, et al. 2021. Genesis of geogenic contaminated groundwater: as, F and I. |
| [6] |
Borch T, Kretzschmar R, Kappler A, Cappellen PV, Ginder-Vogel M, et al. 2010. Biogeochemical redox processes and their impact on contaminant dynamics. |
| [7] |
Janot N, Lezama Pacheco JS, Pham DQ, O'Brien TM, Hausladen D, et al. 2016. Physico-chemical heterogeneity of organic-rich sediments in the rifle aquifer, CO: impact on uranium biogeochemistry. |
| [8] |
Lacroix EM, Aeppli M, Boye K, Brodie E, Fendorf S, et al. 2023. Consider the anoxic microsite: acknowledging and appreciating spatiotemporal redox heterogeneity in soils and sediments. |
| [9] |
Yuan SH, Zhang P, Kang XY, Shi XQ, Zhang BG, et al. 2024. Aquifer heterogeneity and contamination remediation. |
| [10] |
Guo Z, Ma R, Zhang Y, Zheng C. 2021. Contaminant transport in heterogeneous aquifers: a critical review of mechanisms and numerical methods of non-Fickian dispersion. |
| [11] |
Aksoy A, Culver T B. 2004. Impacts of physical and chemical heterogeneities on aquifer remediation design. |
| [12] |
Yin M, Ma R, Zhang Y, Lin J, Guo Z, et al. 2023. Competitive control of multiscale aquifer heterogeneity on solute transport in an alluvial aquifer. |
| [13] |
Bowling JC, Zheng C, Rodriguez AB, Harry DL. 2006. Geophysical constraints on contaminant transport modeling in a heterogeneous fluvial aquifer. |
| [14] |
Domenico PA, Schwartz FW. 1997. Physical and chemical hydrogeology. USA: John wiley & sons. www.wiley.com/en-us/shop/general-introductory-earth-sciences/physical-and-chemical-hydrogeology-2nd-edition-p-9780471597629 |
| [15] |
Ma Z, Qi L, Dai Z, Yang Z, Ma Y, et al. 2025. Impact of multiscale heterogeneous sediments and boundary conditions on dispersivity spatial variations. |
| [16] |
Yang M, Annable MD, Jawitz JW. 2015. Back diffusion from thin low permeability zones. |
| [17] |
Liu C, Ball WP. 2002. Back diffusion of chlorinated solvent contaminants from a natural aquitard to a remediated aquifer under well-controlled field conditions: predictions and measurements. |
| [18] |
Peiffer S, Kappler A, Haderlein SB, Schmidt C, Byrne JM, et al. 2021. A biogeochemical–hydrological framework for the role of redox-active compounds in aquatic systems. |
| [19] |
Yu C, Pu S, Li B, Fan L, Zhang P, et al. 2026. Deciphering the origin of electron exchange capacities in floodplain sediments. |
| [20] |
Zhang Y, Tong M, Zhang P, Kappler A, Yuan S. 2025. Different scales of electron transfer processes in the subsurface. |
| [21] |
Luan F, Gorski CA, Burgos WD. 2015. Linear free energy relationships for the biotic and abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic compounds. |
| [22] |
Dunnivant FM, Schwarzenbach RP, Macalady DL. 1992. Reduction of substituted nitrobenzenes in aqueous solutions containing natural organic matter. |
| [23] |
Bishop ME, Dong H, Glasser P, Briggs BR, Pentrak M, et al. 2019. Reactivity of redox cycled Fe-bearing subsurface sediments towards hexavalent chromium reduction. |
| [24] |
Qafoku O, Pearce CI, Neumann A, Kovarik L, Zhu M, et al. 2017. Tc(VII) and Cr(VI) interaction with naturally reduced ferruginous smectite from a redox transition zone. |
| [25] |
Yu C, Qian A, Lu Y, Liao W, Zhang P, et al. 2024. Electron transfer processes associated with structural Fe in clay minerals. |
| [26] |
Neumann A, Hofstetter TB, Lüssi M, Cirpka OA, Petit S, et al. 2008. Assessing the redox reactivity of structural iron in smectites using nitroaromatic compounds as kinetic probes. |
| [27] |
Joe-Wong C, Brown GE Jr, Maher K. 2017. Kinetics and products of chromium(VI) reduction by iron(II/III)-bearing clay minerals. |
| [28] |
Liu H, Bruton TA, Doyle FM, Sedlak DL. 2014. In situ chemical oxidation of contaminated groundwater by persulfate: decomposition by Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing oxides and aquifer materials. |
| [29] |
Yang X, Duan Y, Wang J, Wang H, Liu H, et al. 2019. Impact of peroxymonocarbonate on the transformation of organic contaminants during hydrogen peroxide in situ chemical oxidation. |
| [30] |
Aeschbacher M, Sander M, Schwarzenbach RP. 2010. Novel electrochemical approach to assess the redox properties of humic substances. |
| [31] |
Barcelona MJ, Holm TR. 1991. Oxidation-reduction capacities of aquifer solids. |
| [32] |
Sander M, Hofstetter TB, Gorski CA. 2015. Electrochemical analyses of redox-active iron minerals: a review of nonmediated and mediated approaches. |
| [33] |
Li S, Kappler A, Zhu Y, Haderlein SB. 2020. Mediated electrochemical analysis as emerging tool to unravel links between microbial redox cycling of natural organic matter and anoxic nitrogen cycling. |
| [34] |
Lu Y, Chen R, Zhao W, Zhang P, Zhu S, et al. 2025. Accurate and simple determination of sediment redox capacity by a modified chemical probe method: Implications to contaminant remediation. |
| [35] |
Aeppli M, Thompson A, Dewey C, Fendorf S. 2022. Redox properties of solid phase electron acceptors affect anaerobic microbial respiration under oxygen-limited conditions in floodplain soils. |
| [36] |
Fang G, Chen X, Wu W, Liu C, Dionysiou DD, et al. 2018. Mechanisms of interaction between persulfate and soil constituents: activation, free radical formation, conversion, and identification. |
| [37] |
Bu X, Tong M, Zhang C, Dai H, Zhang P, et al. 2025. Reactive oxygen species production in riparian zones governed by a flow-induced chromatographic separation process. |
| [38] |
Wang H, Zhu Y, Lu Y, Bu X, Zhu Q, et al. 2024. Reduction capacity in the transmissive zones fueled by the embedded low-permeability lenses: implications for contaminant transformation in heterogeneous aquifers. |
| [39] |
Lau MP, Sander M, Gelbrecht J, Hupfer M. 2015. Solid phases as important electron acceptors in freshwater organic sediments. |
| [40] |
Lau MP, Sander M, Gelbrecht J, Hupfer M. 2016. Spatiotemporal redox dynamics in a freshwater lake sediment under alternating oxygen availabilities: combined analyses of dissolved and particulate electron acceptors. |
| [41] |
Hoving AL, Sander M, Bruggeman C, Behrends T. 2017. Redox properties of clay-rich sediments as assessed by mediated electrochemical analysis: separating pyrite, siderite and structural Fe in clay minerals. |
| [42] |
Xiao J, Shi Z, Liu F, Ye Q, Zhu L, et al. 2025. The molecular weight-dependent redox capacity of soil dissolved organic matter: roles of aromaticity and organic sulfur. |
| [43] |
Ji W, Dong H, Wang Y, Qiang Z. 2024. Electron donating capacity: a promising surrogate indicator for the optimization of oxidative water treatments. |
| [44] |
Heron G, Christensen TH, Tjell JC. 1994. Oxidation capacity of aquifer sediments. |
| [45] |
Helburn RS, MacCarthy P. 1994. Determination of some redox properties of humic acid by alkaline ferricyanide titration. |
| [46] |
Lee W, Batchelor B. 2003. Reductive capacity of natural reductants. |
| [47] |
Bauer M, Heitmann T, Macalady DL, Blodau C. 2007. Electron transfer capacities and reaction kinetics of peat dissolved organic matter. |
| [48] |
Kappler A, Benz M, Schink B, Brune A. 2004. Electron shuttling via humic acids in microbial iron(III) reduction in a freshwater sediment. |
| [49] |
Yang Z, Kappler A, Jiang J. 2016. Reducing capacities and distribution of redox-active functional groups in low molecular weight fractions of humic acids. |
| [50] |
Roden EE, Kappler A, Bauer I, Jiang J, Paul A, et al. 2010. Extracellular electron transfer through microbial reduction of solid-phase humic substances. |
| [51] |
Bauer I, Kappler A. 2009. Rates and extent of reduction of Fe(III) compounds and O2 by humic substances. |
| [52] |
Roden EE, Zachara JM. 1996. Microbial reduction of crystalline iron(III) oxides: influence of oxide surface area and potential for cell growth. |
| [53] |
Pullin MJ, Cabaniss SE. 2003. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and iron–fulvic acid interactions on the kinetics of non-photochemical iron transformations. II. The kinetics of thermal reduction. |
| [54] |
Pullin MJ, Cabaniss SE. 2003. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and iron–fulvic acid interactions on the kinetics of non-photochemical iron transformations. I. Iron(II) oxidation and iron(III) colloid formation. |
| [55] |
Everette JD, Bryant QM, Green AM, Abbey YA, Wangila GW, et al. 2010. Thorough study of reactivity of various compound classes toward the folin-ciocalteu reagent. |
| [56] |
Gorski CA, Klüpfel L, Voegelin A, Sander M, Hofstetter TB. 2012. Redox properties of structural Fe in clay minerals. 2. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of electron transfer irreversibility in ferruginous smectite, SWa-1. |
| [57] |
Ji W, Yu C, Lin X, Liu H, Chen Y, et al. 2026. Production of surface-bound hydroxyl radicals on sediments for adsorbed contaminant transformation at oxic-anoxic interfaces. |
| [58] |
Walpen N, Schroth MH, Sander M. 2016. Quantification of phenolic antioxidant moieties in dissolved organic matter by flow-injection analysis with electrochemical detection. |
| [59] |
Gorski CA, Aeschbacher M, Soltermann D, Voegelin A, Baeyens B, et al. 2012. Redox properties of structural Fe in clay minerals. 1. Electrochemical quantification of electron-donating and -accepting capacities of smectites. |
| [60] |
Aeppli M, Voegelin A, Gorski CA, Hofstetter TB, Sander M. 2018. Mediated electrochemical reduction of iron (oxyhydr-)oxides under defined thermodynamic boundary conditions. |
| [61] |
Klüpfel L, Piepenbrock A, Kappler A, Sander M. 2014. Humic substances as fully regenerable electron acceptors in recurrently anoxic environments. |
| [62] |
Walpen N, Getzinger GJ, Schroth MH, Sander M. 2018. Electron-donating phenolic and electron-accepting quinone moieties in peat dissolved organic matter: quantities and redox transformations in the context of peat biogeochemistry. |
| [63] |
Aeschbacher M, Graf C, Schwarzenbach RP, Sander M. 2012. Antioxidant properties of humic substances. |
| [64] |
Rincón-Rodríguez JC, Cárdenas-Hernández PA, Murillo-Gelvez J, di Toro DM, Allen HE, et al. 2024. Comparative evaluation of mediated electrochemical reduction and chemical redox titration for quantifying the electron accepting capacities of soils and redox-active soil constituents. |
| [65] |
Aeppli M, Schladow G, Lezama Pacheco JS, Fendorf S. 2023. Iron reduction in profundal sediments of ultraoligotrophic lake tahoe under oxygen-limited conditions. |
| [66] |
Tian Y, Zhang P, Lu Y, Cui Y, Xiao J, et al. 2026. Quantification of sediment redox capacities under different Eh conditions by a modified electrochemical method. |
| [67] |
Ding C, Ding Z, Liu Q, Liu W, Chai L. 2024. Advances in mechanism for the microbial transformation of heavy metals: implications for bioremediation strategies. |
| [68] |
Fenner K, Elsner M, Lueders T, McLachlan MS, Wackett LP, et al. 2021. Methodological advances to study contaminant biotransformation: new prospects for understanding and reducing environmental persistence? |
| [69] |
Obradović N, Schmitz RA, Haffter F, Meier DV, Lever MA, et al. 2024. Peat particulate organic matter accepts electrons during in situ incubation in the anoxic subsurface of ombrotrophic bogs. |
| [70] |
Joshi P, Schroth MH, Sander M. 2021. Redox properties of peat particulate organic matter: quantification of electron accepting capacities and assessment of electron transfer reversibility. |
| [71] |
Gao C, Sander M, Agethen S, Knorr KH. 2019. Electron accepting capacity of dissolved and particulate organic matter control CO2 and CH4 formation in peat soils. |
| [72] |
Zhao G, Wu B, Zheng X, Chen B, Kappler A, et al. 2022. Tide-triggered production of reactive oxygen species in coastal soils. |
| [73] |
Dai H, Wu B, Chen B, Ma B, Chu C. 2022. Diel fluctuation of extracellular reactive oxygen species production in the rhizosphere of rice. |
| [74] |
Jaisi DP, Dong H, Morton JP. 2008. Partitioning of Fe(II) in reduced nontronite (NAu-2) to reactive sites: reactivity in terms of Tc(VII) reduction. |
| [75] |
Dong H, Jaisi DP, Kim J, Zhang G. 2009. Microbe-clay mineral interactions. |
| [76] |
Brookshaw DR, Coker VS, Lloyd JR, Vaughan DJ, Pattrick RAD. 2014. Redox interactions between Cr(VI) and Fe(II) in bioreduced biotite and chlorite. |
| [77] |
Brookshaw DR, Lloyd JR, Vaughan DJ, Pattrick RAD. 2014. Bioreduction of biotite and chlorite by a Shewanella species. |
| [78] |
Melton ED, Swanner ED, Behrens S, Schmidt C, Kappler A. 2014. The interplay of microbially mediated and abiotic reactions in the biogeochemical Fe cycle. |
| [79] |
Aeppli M, Vranic S, Kaegi R, Kretzschmar R, Brown AR, et al. 2019. Decreases in iron oxide reducibility during microbial reductive dissolution and transformation of ferrihydrite. |
| [80] |
Aeppli M, Kaegi R, Kretzschmar R, Voegelin A, Hofstetter TB, et al. 2019. Electrochemical analysis of changes in iron oxide reducibility during abiotic ferrihydrite transformation into goethite and magnetite. |
| [81] |
Aeppli M, Babey T, Engel M, Lacroix EM, Tolar BB, et al. 2022. Export of organic carbon from reduced fine-grained zones governs biogeochemical reactivity in a simulated aquifer. |
| [82] |
Wang Y, Pi K, Fendorf S, Deng Y, Xie X. 2019. Sedimentogenesis and hydrobiogeochemistry of high arsenic Late Pleistocene-Holocene aquifer systems. |
| [83] |
Fendorf S, Michael HA, Van Geen A. 2010. Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater arsenic in south and southeast Asia. |
| [84] |
Feng X, Li Y, Jin J, Qiao W, Gao Z, et al. 2025. Electrochemistry and molecular compositions reflect electron shuttling of dissolved organic matter in high arsenic groundwater. |
| [85] |
Xu Z, Tsang DCW. 2022. Redox-induced transformation of potentially toxic elements with organic carbon in soil. |
| [86] |
Zhang H, Li X, Yang S, He J, Lu A, et al. 2025. Disentangling the Fe species-dependent electron donating capacity and abiotic reduction capacity towards nitrobenzene of the sediment cores. |
| [87] |
Wang H, Cai Q, Cao Z, Lu Y, Zhang P, et al. 2025. Interfacial electron transfer from low-permeability lenses to transmissive zones enhanced by dissolved iron. |
| [88] |
Murillo-Gelvez J, Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Carbonaro RF, Chiu PC. 2021. Reductive transformation of 3-nitro-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (NTO) by leonardite humic acid and anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS). |
| [89] |
Zhang P, Chu C, Bu X, Tong M, Wang H, et al. 2025. Production and significance of reactive oxygen species in the subsurface. |
| [90] |
Tong M, Yuan S, Ma S, Jin M, Liu D, et al. 2016. Production of abundant hydroxyl radicals from oxygenation of subsurface sediments. |
| [91] |
Zhang Y, Zhang N, Yu C, Liu H, Yuan S. 2023. ROS production upon groundwater oxygenation: implications of oxidative capacity during groundwater abstraction and discharging. |
| [92] |
Zhang N, Bu X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yuan S, et al. 2020. Water table fluctuations regulate hydrogen peroxide production and distribution in unconfined aquifers. |
| [93] |
Yuan X, Liu T, Fox P, Bhattacharyya A, Dwivedi D, et al. 2022. Production of hydrogen peroxide in an intra-meander hyporheic zone at East River, Colorado. |
| [94] |
Yuan X, Nico PS, Huang X, Liu T, Ulrich C, et al. 2017. Production of hydrogen peroxide in groundwater at Rifle, Colorado. |
| [95] |
Liu J, Zhu C, Zhu F, Sun H, Wang J, et al. 2024. Strong substance exchange at paddy soil-water interface promotes nonphotochemical formation of reactive oxygen species in overlying water. |
| [96] |
Huang D, Chen N, Zhu C, Sun H, Fang G, et al. 2023. Dynamic production of hydroxyl radicals during the flooding-drainage process of paddy soil: an in situ column study. |
| [97] |
Wardman P. 1989. Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution. |
| [98] |
Xie W, Yuan S, Tong M, Ma S, Liao W, et al. 2020. Contaminant degradation by •OH during sediment oxygenation: dependence on Fe(II) species. |
| [99] |
Chen N, Huang D, Liu G, Chu L, Fang G, et al. 2021. Active iron species driven hydroxyl radicals formation in oxygenation of different paddy soils: implications to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. |
| [100] |
Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chen G, Li Y, Zeng Q, et al. 2024. Molecular transformation of petroleum compounds by hydroxyl radicals produced upon oxidation of reduced nontronite. |
| [101] |
Liao P, Yu K, Lu Y, Wang P, Liang Y, et al. 2019. Extensive dark production of hydroxyl radicals from oxygenation of polluted river sediments. |
| [102] |
Zhang P, Liu J, Yu H, Cheng D, Liu H, et al. 2023. Kinetic models for hydroxyl radical production and contaminant removal during soil/sediment oxygenation. |
| [103] |
Yu C, Ji W, Li X, Yuan S, Zhang P, et al. 2024. Critical role of mineral Fe(IV) formation in low hydroxyl radical yields during Fe(II)-bearing clay mineral oxygenation. |
| [104] |
Yu C, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Qian A, Zhang P, et al. 2022. Significant contribution of solid organic matter for hydroxyl radical production during oxygenation. |
| [105] |
Yu C, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Qian A, Zhang P, et al. 2021. Mechanistic insight into humic acid-enhanced hydroxyl radical production from Fe(II)-bearing clay mineral oxygenation. |
| [106] |
Zhang Y, Tong M, Lu Y, Zhao F, Zhang P, et al. 2024. Directional long-distance electron transfer from reduced to oxidized zones in the subsurface. |
| [107] |
Wu W, Fu H, Ma H, Sun K, Shi Z, et al. 2025. New pathway mediated by humic acid facilitates long-distance hydroxyl radical production during crystalline iron mineral oxygenation. |
| [108] |
Li C, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Shi C, Lu Y, et al. 2024. Contaminant transformation during sediment oxygenation: Temporal variation of oxidation mechanisms mediated by hydroxyl radicals and aerobic microbes. |
| [109] |
Liu F, Zhu K, Wang Z, Yang H, Ni Z, et al. 2025. Abiotic processes dominate short-term carbon emissions in sandy soils following rewetting. |
| [110] |
Liu F, Wang Z, Liu J, Latif J, Qin J, et al. 2024. Seasonal and spatial fluctuations of reactive oxygen species in riparian soils and their contributions on organic carbon mineralization. |
| [111] |
Liu F, Ding Y, Liu J, Latif J, Qin J, et al. 2024. The effect of redox fluctuation on carbon mineralization in riparian soil: an analysis of the hotspot zone of reactive oxygen species production. |
| [112] |
Liu ZY, Liu H, Zhang SY, Feng Y, Wei LL, et al. 2026. Abiotic methane production driven by soil reactive oxygen species. |
| [113] |
Zheng Y, Tan Y, Wan Z, Zhang P, Li X, et al. 2025. Carbon isotope fractionation of dissolved organic matter due to •OH-based oxidation. |
| [114] |
Merino C, Jofré I, Nájera F, Matus F, Aburto F, et al. 2025. The dark side of the soil carbon cycle: Hydroxyl radicals and abiotic CO2 production. |
| [115] |
Zhu H, Ye S, Wu J, Xu H. 2021. Characteristics of soil lithology and pollutants in typical contamination sites in China. |
| [116] |
Wang P, Li J, An P, Yang B, Hou D, et al. 2024. Understanding the dilemmas and breakdown of the reactive migration of in situ groundwater injection reagents from an environmental geology perspective. |
| [117] |
Zhu H, Ma H, Zhao Z, Xu L, Li M, et al. 2025. Electron transfer tuning for persulfate activation via the radical and non-radical pathways with biochar mediator. |
| [118] |
Du LL, Yang YM, Yuan SY, Wen JP. 2025. Effective strategies for enhancing microbial remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. |
| [119] |
Zhang B, Zhang H, He J, Zhou S, Dong H, et al. 2023. Vanadium in the environment: biogeochemistry and bioremediation. |
| [120] |
Zu Y, Li Z, Zhang Z, Chen X, Wu B, et al. 2025. Iron-reduction driven extracellular electron transfer widely promotes microbial reductive dechlorination metabolism. |
| [121] |
Shi C, Tong M, Cai Q, Li Z, Li P, et al. 2023. Electrokinetic-enhanced bioremediation of trichloroethylene-contaminated low-permeability soils: mechanistic insight from spatio-temporal variations of indigenous microbial community and biodehalogenation activity. |
| [122] |
Zhang Z, Liu X, Li Z, Chen X, Zu Y, et al. 2025. Humin oxidation drives microbial dehalogenation in oligotrophic environments. |
| [123] |
Geng R, Wen X, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang B. 2026. Constraints of electron exchange capacity on biostimulation and bioaugmentation for arsenic detoxification in aquifers. |
| [124] |
Yuqing Q, Bo L, He J, Mengdan Z, Xin L, et al. 2026. Development of an electrochemical analytical device for measuring the redox capacity of environmental media. Safety and Environmental Engineering accepted |
| [125] |
Byrne JM, Klueglein N, Pearce C, Rosso KM, Appel E, et al. 2015. Redox cycling of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in magnetite by Fe-metabolizing bacteria. |
| [126] |
Dong H, Zeng Q, Sheng Y, Chen C, Yu G, et al. 2023. Coupled iron cycling and organic matter transformation across redox interfaces. |
| [127] |
Samborska-Goik K, Pogrzeba M. 2024. A critical review of the modelling tools for the reactive transport of organic contaminants. |
| [128] |
Liu Y, Xu F, Liu C. 2017. Coupled hydro-biogeochemical processes controlling Cr reductive immobilization in Columbia River hyporheic zone. |
| [129] |
Yang C, Zhang YK, Liu Y, Yang X, Liu C. 2018. Model-based analysis of the effects of dam-induced river water and groundwater interactions on hydro-biogeochemical transformation of redox sensitive contaminants in a hyporheic zone. |
| [130] |
Han Z, Kang X, Singha K, Wu J, Shi X. 2024. Real-time monitoring of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of dissolved TCE by integrating electrical resistivity tomography and reactive transport modeling. |