[1]

Romano F, Lamanna F, Gabrielle PH, Teo KYC, Battaglia Parodi M, et al. 2023. Update on retinal vein occlusion. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 12:196−210

doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000598
[2]

Scott IU, Campochiaro PA, Newman NJ, Biousse V. 2020. Retinal vascular occlusions. The Lancet 396:1927−1940

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31559-2
[3]

Costa JV, Moura-Coelho N, Abreu AC, Neves P, Ornelas M, et al. 2021. Macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion in a real-life setting: a multicenter, nationwide, 3-year follow-up study. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 259:343−350

doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04932-0
[4]

Daruich A, Matet A, Moulin A, Kowalczuk L, Nicolas M, et al. 2018. Mechanisms of macular edema: beyond the surface. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 63:20−68

doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.006
[5]

Cai H, Tian M, Huang Z, Wang B. 2025. The efficacy and safety of intraocular anti-VEGF injections versus anti-VEGF combined with steroids or steroid monotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Medicine 12:1727801

doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1727801
[6]

Nicholson L, Talks SJ, Amoaku W, Talks K, Sivaprasad S. 2022. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) guideline: executive summary. Eye 36:909−912

doi: 10.1038/s41433-022-02007-4
[7]

Giuffrè C, Cicinelli MV, Marchese A, Coppola M, Parodi MB, et al. 2020. Simultaneous intravitreal dexamethasone and aflibercept for refractory macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 258:787−793

doi: 10.1007/s00417-019-04577-8
[8]

Pielen A, Bühler AD, Heinzelmann SU, Böhringer D, Ness T, et al. 2017. Switch of intravitreal therapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion from anti-VEGF to dexamethasone implant and vice versa. Journal of Ophthalmology 2017:5831682

doi: 10.1155/2017/5831682
[9]

Scott IU, VanVeldhuisen PC, Ip MS, Blodi BA, Oden NL, et al. 2017. Effect of bevacizumab vs aflibercept on visual acuity among patients with macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion: the SCORE2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 317:2072−2087

doi: 10.3410/f.727604981.793544721
[10]

Campochiaro PA, Sophie R, Pearlman J, Brown DM, Boyer DS, et al. 2014. Long-term outcomes in patients with retinal vein occlusion treated with ranibizumab: the RETAIN study. Ophthalmology 121:209−219

doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.038
[11]

Ebneter A, Kokona D, Schneider N, Zinkernagel MS. 2017. Microglia activation and recruitment of circulating macrophages during ischemic experimental branch retinal vein occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 58:944−953

doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-20474
[12]

Jovanovic J, Liu X, Kokona D, Zinkernagel MS, Ebneter A. 2020. Inhibition of inflammatory cells delays retinal degeneration in experimental retinal vein occlusion in mice. Glia 68:574−588

doi: 10.1002/glia.23739
[13]

Zeng Y, Zhang X, Mi L, Gan Y, Su Y, et al. 2022. Characterization of macrophage-like cells in retinal vein occlusion using en face optical coherence tomography. Frontiers in Immunology 13:855466

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855466
[14]

Zeng Y, Wen F, Zhuang X, He G, Zhang X. 2024. Epiretinal macrophage-like cells on optical coherence tomography: potential inflammatory imaging biomarker of severity in diabetic retinopathy. Retina 44:1314−1322

doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000004100
[15]

Zeng Y, Zhang X, Mi L, Ji Y, Zhuang X, et al. 2023. Macrophage-like cells characterized by en face optical coherence tomography was associated with fluorescein vascular leakage in behçet's uveitis. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation 31:999−1005

doi: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2080719
[16]

Castanos MV, Zhou DB, Linderman RE, Allison R, Milman T, et al. 2020. Imaging of macrophage-like cells in living human retina using clinical OCT. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 61:48

doi: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.48
[17]

Wang M, Wong WT. 2014. Microglia-müller cell interactions in the retina. In Retinal Degenerative Diseases, eds. Ash JD, Grimm C, Hollyfield JG, Anderson RE, LaVail MM, et al. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 333−338 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_42

[18]

Vecino E, Rodriguez FD, Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Sharma SC. 2016. Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 51:1−40

doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003
[19]

Grigsby JG, Cardona SM, Pouw CE, Muniz A, Mendiola AS, et al. 2014. The role of microglia in diabetic retinopathy. Journal of Ophthalmology 2014:705783

doi: 10.1155/2014/705783
[20]

Qin HF, Shi FJ, Zhang CY, Luo DW, Qin SY, et al. 2022. Anti-VEGF reduces inflammatory features in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. International Journal of Ophthalmology 15:1296−1304

doi: 10.18240/ijo.2022.08.11
[21]

Bai W, Zhao Y, Zhang YY, Li JY, Zhu SS, et al. 2026. Epiretinal macrophage-like cell alterations following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema. Retina 46(4):593−603

doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000004723
[22]

Rangwani SM, Hawn S, Sklar NC, Mirza RG, Lavine JA. 2023. Macrophage-like cells are increased in retinal vein occlusion and correlate with more intravitreal injections and worse visual acuity outcomes. Journal of Personalized Medicine 13:45

doi: 10.3390/jpm13010045
[23]

Ozdemir Zeydanli E, Bisen JB, Heisel CJ, Ertan K, Lavine JA, et al. 2026. Macrophage-like cell density and distribution in relation to vascular leakage in diabetes. Ophthalmology Science 6:100955

doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2025.100955
[24]

Ong JX, Nesper PL, Fawzi AA, Wang JM, Lavine JA. 2021. Macrophage-like cell density is increased in proliferative diabetic retinopathy characterized by optical coherence tomography angiography. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 62:2

doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.2