Search
1990 Volume 5
Article Contents
RESEARCH ARTICLE   Open Access    

Natural language interfaces to databases

More Information
  • Abstract: This paper reviews the current state of the art in natural language access to databases. This has been a long-standing area of work in natural language processing. But though some commercial systems are now available, providing front ends has proved much harder than was expected, and the necessary limitations on front ends have to be recognized. The paper discusses the issues, both general to language and task-specific, involved in front end design, and the way these have been addressed, concentrating on the work of the last decade. The focus is on the central process of translating a natural language question into a database query, but other supporting functions are also covered. The points are illustrated by the use of a single example application. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the current state, indicating that future progress will depend on the one hand on general advances in natural language processing, and on the other on expanding the capabilities of traditional databases.
  • 加载中
  • Allen J, 1987. Natural Language Processing. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.

    Google Scholar

    Alshawi H, 1989. Research Programme in Natural Language Processing, Final Report. Cambridge: SRI Cambridge Computer Science Research Centre.

    Google Scholar

    Alshawi H, 1989. “Analysing the dictionary definitions”. In: Boguraev B and Briscoe T (eds.), Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing, pp 153–169. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar

    Ballard B and Stumberger D, 1986. “Semantic acquisition in TELI”. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 20–29. New York.

    Google Scholar

    Bates M, Moser MG and Stallard D, 1986. “The IRUS transportable natural language database interface. In: Kerschberg L (ed.), Expert Database Systems, pp 617–630. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.

    Google Scholar

    Bates M and Weischedel R, 1987. Tutorial: Evaluating Natural Language Interfaces. 25th Annual Meeting of the ACL, Stanford CA. Cambridge, MA: Bolt, Berank and Newman.

    Google Scholar

    Binot JL, 1988. LOKI: A Logic Oriented Approach to Data and Knowledge Bases Supporting Natural Language Interaction. London: Scicon Ltd.

    Google Scholar

    Bobrow RJ, Resnik P and Weischedel RM, 1990. “Multiple underlying systems: translating user requests into programs to produce answers”. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 227–234.

    Google Scholar

    Boguraev BK and Sparck Jones K, 1982. “How to drive a database front end using general semantic information”. Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp 81–88. Santa Monica CA.

    Google Scholar

    Boguraev BK and Sparck Jones K, 1984. “A natural language front end to databases with evaluative feedback”. In: Gardarin G and Gelenbe E (eds.), New Applications of Databases, pp 159–183. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar

    Brachman RJ, Gilbert VP and Levesque HJ, 1985. “An essential hybrid reasoning system: knowledge and symbol level accounts of KRYPTON”. Proceedings of the 9th IJCAI, pp 532–539. Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar

    Brennan SE, 1988. “The multi-media articulation of answers in a natural language database query system”. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp 1–8. Austin.

    Google Scholar

    Brodie ML and Mylopolous J, 1988. Readings in Artificial Intelligence and Databases. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar

    Bronnenberg WJHJ, 1980. “The question answering system PHLIQAI”. In: Bolc L (ed.), Natural Language Question Answering Systems, pp 217–305. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar

    Carbonell JG, 1983. “Discourse pragmatics and ellipsis resolution intask-oriented natural language interfaces”. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 164–168. Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar

    Carroll J and Grover C, 1989. “The derivation of a large computational lexicon for English from LDOCE”. In: Boguraev B and Briscoe T (eds.), Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing, pp 117–133. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar

    Clifford J, 1988. “Natural language querying of historical databases”. Computational Linguistics14(4) 10–34.

    Google Scholar

    Codd EF, 1978. RENDEZVOUS Version 1: An Experimental English-Language Query Formulation System for Casual Users of Relational Databases. Research Report RJ2144. San José, CA: IBM Research Laboratory.

    Google Scholar

    Copestake AA and Sparck Jones K, 1989. Inference in Natural Language Front Ends to Databases. Technical Report 163. University of Cambridge: Computer Laboratory.

    Google Scholar

    Damerau F, 1980. The Transformational Question Answering (TQA) System: Description, Operating Experience and Implications. Report RC8287. Yorktown Heights, NY: IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center.

    Google Scholar

    Damerau F, 1981. “Operating statistics for the transformational question answering system”. American Journal of Computational Linguistics730–42.

    Google Scholar

    Date CJ, 1983. An Introduction to Database Systems: Vol. 2. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar

    Davidson J and Kaplan SJ, 1983. “Natural language access to databases: Interpreting update requests”. American Journal of Computational Linguistics957–68.

    Google Scholar

    Frost DP, 1989. “The design of a natural language interface for medical expert systems”. PhD thesis, University of London (University College and Middlesex School of Medicine.

    Google Scholar

    Gazdar G and Mellish C, 1989. Natural Language Processing in LISP. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar

    Ginsparg J, 1983. “A robust portable natural language database interface”. Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp 25–31. Santa Monica, CA.

    Google Scholar

    Green B, 1961. “BASEBALL: An automatic question answerer”. Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference19219–224; reprinted in Grosz, Sparck Jones and Webber (1986) pp 545–549.

    Google Scholar

    Grosz B, Sparck Jones K and Webber BL (eds.), 1986. Readings in Natural Language Processing. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar

    Grosz B, 1987. “TEAM: an experiment in the design of transportable natural-language interfaces”. Artificial Intelligence12173–243.

    Google Scholar

    Grover C, 1989. The Alvey Natural Language Tools Grammar (second release). Technical Report 162. University of Cambridge: Computer Laboratory.

    Google Scholar

    Haas N and Hendrix GG, 1983. “Learning without being told: Acquiring knowledge for information management”. In: Michalski RS, Carbonell JG and Mitchell TM (eds.), Machine Learning, pp 405–427. Palo Alto, CA: Tioga Publishing.

    Google Scholar

    Hafner CD, 1985. “Semantics of temporal data and temporal queries”. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 1–8. Chicage, IL.

    Google Scholar

    Harris LR, 1977. “User oriented database query with the ROBOT natural language query system”. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies9697–713.

    Google Scholar

    Harris LR, 1984. “Experience with INTELLECT: Artificial intelligence technology transfer”. The AI Magazine5(2) 43–50.

    Google Scholar

    Hendrix GG, et al., 1978. “Developing a natural language interface to complex data”. ACM Transactions on Database Systems3105–147; reprinted in Grosz, Sparck Jones and Webber (1986) pp 563–584.

    Google Scholar

    Hirst G, 1987. Semantic Interpretation and the Resolution of Ambiguity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Hobbs JR and Martin P, 1987. “Semantics of temporal data and temporal queries”. Proceedings of the 10th IJCAI, pp 520–523. Karlsruhe, West Germany.

    Google Scholar

    Jarke M, 1986. “Control of search and knowledge acquisition in large-scale KBMS”. In: Brodie ML and Mylopolous J (eds.), On Knowledge Base Management Systems, pp 507–522. New York: Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar

    Kalita JK, Jones ML and McCalla GI, 1986. “Summarising natural language database responses”. Computational Linguistics12107–124.

    Google Scholar

    Kaplan SJ, Mays E and Joshi AK, 1980. A Technique for Managing the Lexicon in a Natural Language Interface to a Changing Database. Technical Report MS-CIS-80–10. University of Pennsylvania: Department of Computer and Information Science.

    Google Scholar

    Kaplan SJ, 1982. “Cooperative responses from a portable natural language query system”. Artificial Intelligence19165–187.

    Google Scholar

    Kent W, 1978. Data and Reality. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar

    King JL, 1981. “QUIST: A system for semantic query optimization in relational databases”. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Very Large Databases, pp 510–517. Cannes, France.

    Google Scholar

    Konolige K, 1979. A Framework for a Portable Natural-language Interface to Large Databases. Technical Note 197. SRI International.

    Google Scholar

    Konolige K, 1981. The Database as Model: A Metatheoretic Approach. Technical Note 255. SRI International.

    Google Scholar

    Manferdelli JL, 1989. “Natural languages”. Sun Technology, Summer 1989, 122–129.

    Google Scholar

    McKeown KR, 1983. “Paraphrasing questions using given and new information”. American Journal of Computational Linguistics91–10.

    Google Scholar

    McKeown KR, 1985. Text Generation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar

    Means LG, 1988. “Cn yur cmputr raed ths”. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, pp 93–100. Austin, Texas.

    Google Scholar

    Mellish CS, 1989. “Some chart-based techniques for parsing ill-formed input”. Proceedings of the 27th ACL, pp 102–109. Vancouver.

    Google Scholar

    Moore RC, 1982. “Panel: Natural language access to databases—theoretical/technical issues”. Proceedings of the 20th ACL, pp 44–66, 169–171. Toronto.

    Google Scholar

    Mueckstein E-MM, 1983. “Q-TRANS: Query translation into English”. Proceedings of the 8th IJCAI, pp 660–662. Karlsruhe, West Germany.

    Google Scholar

    Perrault CR and Grosz BJ, 1986. “Natural language interfaces”. Annual Review of Computer Science147–82.

    Google Scholar

    Proctor C and Young S, 1987. “Dialogue control in conversational speech interfaces”. In: Taylor MM, Néel F and Bouwhuis DG (eds.), The Structure of Multimodal Dialogue. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar

    Reiter R, 1983. “A panel on AI and databases”. Proceedings of the 8th IJCAI, pp 1199–1206. Karlsruhe, West Germany.

    Google Scholar

    Salveter S and Maier D, 1982. “Natural language database updates”. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 67–73. Toronto.

    Google Scholar

    Scha RJH, 1983. “Logical foundations for question answering”. PhD thesis.

    Google Scholar

    Sondheimer NK, 1981. “Panel: Evaluation of natural language front ends to databases”. Proceedings of the 19th ACL, pp 29–42. Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar

    Sparck Jones K, 1984. “Panel: Natural language and databases, again”. Proceedings of the COLING 84, 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22nd Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 182–193. Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar

    Sparck Jones K and Tait JI, 1984. “Linguistically motivated descriptive term selection”. Proceedings of the COLING 84, 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 22nd Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 287–290. Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar

    Sparck Jones K, 1988. A Note on Robustness in Front Ends. University of Cambridge: Computer Laboratory.

    Google Scholar

    Stallard DG, 1986. “A terminological simplification transformation for natural language question answering systems”. Proceedings of the 24th ACL, pp 241–246. New York.

    Google Scholar

    Stenton SP, 1987. “Dialogue management for co-operative knowledge based systems”. The Knowledge Engineering Review299–122.

    Google Scholar

    Storrs G, du Boulay B and Gray PMD, 1985. A Metadata Advisor: Some Sample Queries. University of Aberdeen: Department of Computer Science.

    Google Scholar

    Tennant H, 1981. Natural Language Processing. New York: Petrocelli.

    Google Scholar

    Tennant H, 1983. “Menu-based natural language understanding”. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the ACL, pp 151–158. Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar

    Tomita M, 1985. “An efficient context-free parsing algorithm for natural languages”. Proceedings of the 9th IJCAI, pp 756–764. Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar

    Wahlster W, 1989. “User and discourse models for multimodal communication”. Proceedings of the Hewlett-Packard Laboratories 1989 European Scientific Symposium, pp 115–131. Paris.

    Google Scholar

    Waltz DL, 1978. “An English language question answering system for a large relational database”. Communications of the ACM21526–539.

    Google Scholar

    Warren D and Pereira F, 1982. “An efficient easily adaptable system for interpreting natural language queries”. American Journal of Computational Linguistics8110–122.

    Google Scholar

    Webber BL, 1986. “Questions, answers and responses: Interacting with knowledge base systems”. In: Brodie ML and Mylopolous J (eds.), On Knowledge Base Management Systems, pp 365–402. New York: Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar

    Weischedel RM, 1989. “A hybrid approach to representation in the JANUS natural language processor”. Proceedings of the 27th ACL, pp 193–202. Vancouver, British Columbia.

    Google Scholar

    Whittaker S and Stenton P, 1989. “User studies and the design of natural language systems”. Proceedings of the 4th EACL, pp 116–123. Manchester.

    Google Scholar

    Wilks Y, 1989. “A tractable machine dictionary as a resource for computational semantics”. In: Boguraev B and Briscoe T (eds.), Computational Lexicography for Natural Language Processing, pp 193–228. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar

    Woods W, 1972. The Lunar Sciences Natural Language Information System. Final Report. Cambridge, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.

    Google Scholar

    Woods W, 1978. “Semantics and quantification in natural language question answering”. In: Yovits M (ed.), Advances in Computers, pp 1–87. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar

    Young SJ, 1989. Final Report: Alvey/SERC Project MMI003, Voice Operated Database Inquiry Systems, Speech Input. University of Cambridge: Engineering Department.

    Google Scholar

  • Cite this article

    Ann Copestake, Karen Sparck Jones. 1990. Natural language interfaces to databases. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 5:5476 doi: 10.1017/S0269888900005476
    Ann Copestake, Karen Sparck Jones. 1990. Natural language interfaces to databases. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 5:5476 doi: 10.1017/S0269888900005476

Article Metrics

Article views(22) PDF downloads(377)

Other Articles By Authors

RESEARCH ARTICLE   Open Access    

Natural language interfaces to databases

The Knowledge Engineering Review  5 Article number: 10.1017/S0269888900005476  (1990)  |  Cite this article

Abstract: Abstract: This paper reviews the current state of the art in natural language access to databases. This has been a long-standing area of work in natural language processing. But though some commercial systems are now available, providing front ends has proved much harder than was expected, and the necessary limitations on front ends have to be recognized. The paper discusses the issues, both general to language and task-specific, involved in front end design, and the way these have been addressed, concentrating on the work of the last decade. The focus is on the central process of translating a natural language question into a database query, but other supporting functions are also covered. The points are illustrated by the use of a single example application. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the current state, indicating that future progress will depend on the one hand on general advances in natural language processing, and on the other on expanding the capabilities of traditional databases.

    • Copyright © Cambridge University Press 19901990Cambridge University Press
References (77)
  • About this article
    Cite this article
    Ann Copestake, Karen Sparck Jones. 1990. Natural language interfaces to databases. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 5:5476 doi: 10.1017/S0269888900005476
    Ann Copestake, Karen Sparck Jones. 1990. Natural language interfaces to databases. The Knowledge Engineering Review. 5:5476 doi: 10.1017/S0269888900005476
  • Catalog

      /

      DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
      Return
      Return