A checklist of the macrofungi of North East India

Niranjan Roy; Dhruva Kumar Jha; Arun Kumar Dutta; Niranjan Roy; Dhruva Kumar Jha; Arun Kumar Dutta

doi:10.48130/SIF-2022-0001

A literature-based checklist of macrofungi occurring in North East India is provided. It consists of 733 species of macrofungi distributed over 267 genera under 21 orders and 94 families. The relevant information provided herein is based on 86 papers and six doctoral theses. The geographical distribution of the reports covers eight states of North East India. The order Agaricales has the highest number of species (330 spp.) followed by Polyporales (126 spp.). The three most represented genera are Russula (38 spp.), Amanita (22 spp.) and Lactarius (23 spp.). This list covers only a part of the actual diversity of macrofungi occurring in the entire North East Indian region as detailed survey on macrofungi of this region is yet to be completed.

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INTRODUCTION

The North East region of India is situated between 22°−29°5' N latitude and 88°−97°30' E longitude encompassing the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura, and sharing its international boundaries with countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Nepal^[1]. The entire area is mostly covered by mountains and hills with nearly two-thirds of the land area falling under hilly and mountainous terrain. The region is unique, having a diversity of topographical features ranging from the plains of the Barak and Brahmaputra valleys on the western side, the hills of Tripura and Mizoram on the southern corner, the chain of hills in the fringe of Indo-Myanmar on the eastern part and towards the northern side surrounded by the Himalayan range in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim^[2]. The region forms an important convergence of two of the most significant biological hotspots in the world viz., the Himalayas and the Indo-Burma Biological Hotspots^[3].

The vegetation of the entire North-East Indian region varies considerably depending upon the altitudinal ranges and forest types. Among all the states, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura have forest cover of more than 70% compared to the total geographical area^[4]. However, characteristic forest types of the entire region include tropical dry deciduous forests, tropical moist deciduous forest, tropical semi-evergreen forests (up to 600 m asl), tropical wet evergreen forests (up to 900 m asl), subtropical broadleaved forests (900–1,900 m asl), subtropical pine forests (1,000–3,500 m asl), montane wet temperate forests, Himalayan dry temperate forests, Himalayan moist temperate forests, littoral and swamp forests, alpine temperate forests (above 3,500 m asl), moist alpine scrub, and sub-alpine forests^[4,5]. The dominant plant species in the alpine temperate forests are Rhododendron L., Arenaria L., and Saxifraga L. Subtropical pine forests typically show a prevalence of the Pinus L. species like P. roxburghii Sarg., P. merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese, and P. wallichiana A.B.Jacks. The plants prevailing in the subtropical broadleaved forests include Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach, Quercus L., Michelia T.Durand, Alnus Mill., and Schima Aucl. ex Steud. whereas, the tropical wet evergreen forests typically show the presence of Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Vesque, Shorea assamica Dyer, Mesua ferrea L., and Altingia excelsa Noronha, and tropical semi-evergreen forests are represented Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck & Müll.Arg., Bombax ceiba L., Canarium strictum Roxb., Ailanthus grandis Prain, etc.^[5].

The climatic conditions in the region are mostly subtropical with hot and humid summers, extreme monsoons and mild winters^[6,7]. The temperature differs according to the altitude with the mean average temperature (28 °C in summer and 16−17 °C in the winter) being much lower in the Himalayan region (1,200−1,500 m asl) to higher in the plains (50−100 m asl). A high precipitation rate with heavy rainfall is prevalent in the region^[6,7]. The annual average rainfall is more than 1,000 mm^[6]. The soil of the region is alluvial and colluvial in origin and characteristically shows low pH due to leaching of the bases under the influence of heavy precipitation^[8]. The soils are considerably rich in organic matter.

These wide arrays of phyto-topographical features, prevailing climatic, and edaphic characteristics makes ample prospects for the luxuriant growth of macrofungi in the region. However, no serious effort has previously been made to study the macrofungal diversity of this region. Several reasons have contributed to the uneven studies of the macrofungal diversity which include the tough geography, climate, inaccessibility and lack of trained mycologists.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The checklist was prepared based on available published literature as well as doctoral thesis up to 31 December 2021. For systematic and nomenclatural correctness, Index Fungorum (http://indexfungorum.org; accessed 22 January 2022) and MycoBank (https://www.mycobank.org; accessed 22 January 2022) databases were consulted. Names of the taxa that are not reported earlier up to species level in the literature are excluded. In the checklist, order, family, genus, and species are arranged alphabetically. The map showing the North-East Indian region has been prepared using QGIS software.

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Name of the family	No. of reported genera	No. of reported species	Name of the family	No. of reported genera	No. of reported species
Agaricaceae	12	63	Bulgariaceae	1	1
Amanitaceae	1	22	Chlorociboriaceae	1	2
Bolbitiaceae	2	4	Helotiaceae	2	2
Callistosporiaceae	1	1	Leotiaceae	1	1
Clavariaceae	3	7	Pezizellaceae	1	1
Cortinariaceae	1	8	Hymenochaetaceae	11	21
Crepidotaceae	1	5	Oxyporaceae	1	1
Entolomataceae	2	7	Cordycipitaceae	1	1
Fistulinaceae	1	1	Hypocreaceae	1	1
Hydnangiaceae	1	12	Ophiocordycipitaceae	1	1
Hygrophoraceae	6	16	Discinaceae	1	1
Inocybaceae	3	8	Helvellaceae	1	5
Lycoperdaceae	5	12	Morchellaceae	1	1
Lyophyllaceae	3	12	Pezizaceae	1	1
Marasmiaceae	5	23	Pyronemataceae	5	5
Mycenaceae	4	14	Sarcoscyphaceae	1	3
Omphalotaceae	6	17	Clathraceae	1	1
Physalacriaceae	7	10	Phallaceae	3	9
Pleurotaceae	2	14	Dacryobolaceae	1	1
Pluteaceae	2	6	Fomitopsidaceae	8	11
Porotheleaceae	1	1	Ganodermataceae	2	3
Psathyrellaceae	5	15	Grifolaceae	1	1
Pterulaceae	2	2	Incrustoporiaceae	2	2
Sarcomyxaceae	1	1	Irpicaceae	1	3
Schizophyllaceae	2	3	Ischnodermataceae	1	1
Strophariaceae	9	18	Meruliaceae	7	8
Tricholomataceae	11	28	Panaceae	1	2
Tubariaceae	1	1	Phanerochaetaceae	2	2
Auriculariaceae	1	5	Podoscyphaceae	1	4
Exidiaceae	4	7	Polyporaceae	27	85
Boletaceae	13	23	Sparassidaceae	1	1
Diplocystaceae	2	2	Steccherinaceae	2	2
Gomphidiaceae	1	1	Ceratiomyxaceae	1	1
Hygrophoropsidaceae	1	1	Albatrellaceae	1	1
Lycoperdaceae	1	1	Bondarzewiaceae	2	3
Paxillaceae	1	1	Hericiaceae	2	3
Sclerodermataceae	3	6	Peniophoraceae	1	1
Suillaceae	1	7	Russulaceae	3	67
Tapinellaceae	1	1	Stereaceae	3	7
Cantharellaceae	2	2	Wrightoporiaceae	1	1
Hydnaceae	3	9	Bankeraceae	3	4
Dacrymycetaceae	4	7	Thelephoraceae	1	3
Elaphomycetaceae	1	2	Phaeotremellaceae	1	1
Trichocomaceae	1	1	Tremellaceae	1	2
Geastraceae	1	6	Hypoxylaceae	4	8
Geoglossaceae	1	2	Xylariaceae	3	14
Gloeophyllaceae	2	5	Incertaesedis	1	2
Gomphaceae	3	11

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A checklist of the macrofungi of North East India

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